Lab Quiz 2

cell cycle

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

Mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Homologous Chromosomes

same type of chromosome containing the same type of genes. One maternal and one paternal

Centromere

where sister chromatids are held together AND where the spindle fibers attach during mitosis

Sister Chromatids

identical copy of chromosomes formed by DNA replication (which takes place during interphase)

Interphase

proteins are being made, chromosomes are replicated, and the cell replicated the organelles

prophase

first phase of mitosis nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles begin producing spindle fibers, sister chromatids become visible.

Metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

anaphase

the third phase of mitosis, during which the sister chromatids pulled apart at their centers, Each chromatid moving to opposite poles of the cell

Telophase

The 4th and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming, plasma membrane begins to fold into cleavage furrow

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

Interphase model

no spindle fibers

Telophase model

cleavage furrow

anaphase model

pulling apart

prophase model

condensing & forming

metaphase model

center line

Tisssues

groups of cells that perform a similar task

Epithelial Functions

1. covers organs and lining of body cavities 2. Lines GI Tract 3. Skin (epidermis)

Apical, basement Membrane

All epithelial tissues have a free surface known as the _____ surface, and the side attached at the surface is known as the _____

simple squamous epithelium

(Single Layer) Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration, osmosis

Location:lungs, walls of capillaries, blood and lymph vessels

simple columnar epithelium

(Single Layer) Function: Absorption; secretion, and movement of eggs

Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), ; ciliated ovaries and uterus.

simple cuboidal epithelium

(Single Layer)Function: secretion and absorption

Location: Kidney & Ovaries

stratified squamous epithelium

Location with keratinized surface rough Epidermis (skin)

Location with non keratinized surface smooth oral, esophagus, vagina, anal canal

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

Function: protection, secretion, movement of mucus

Special Features: Goblet Cell

goblet cells

special feature of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

transitional epithelium

Location: bladder

Function: stretchability and protection

Connective Tissue

binds, supports, and protects structures in the body. types: Areolar, Dense Regular Connective Tissue, Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Adipose Tissue, Blood Connective Tissue, Bone Connective tissue

Areolar Tissue

loose connective tissue. Location: beneath skin, between muscle tissues, beneath epithelial tissue. Function: binds organs and tissue together.

dense regular connective tissue

Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

Location: tendons, most ligaments

hyaline cartilage

Location: Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

Function: development and growth of bones.

Chondrocytes

(cartilage cells) occupy small chambers called lacunae and are surrounded by extracellular matrix containing very fine collagenous fibers.

elastic cartilage

Location: Framework for external ears and parts of the larynx

Function: Support, protect, and provide a flexible framework (*more compact and smaller than hyaline, usually stain darker)

Fibrocartilage

Location: Pads between the vertebrae and cushions bones of the knees and pelvic girdle

Function: Shock absorber (*usually looks wavy, small dark spots are chondrocytes)

Adipose Tissue

Location: cushions joints and some organs.

Function: cushion, insulation, and energy storage

Blood Connective Tissue

red cells: Erythrocytes, White Cells: Leukocyte, Platelets will appear as small speck on closer images

Blood Connective Tissue

Location: Throughout the body within a closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers.

Function: Transports substances

Bone Connective Tissue

Location: Skeletal system

Functions:Support, Protection, Skeletal Framework

Osteocytes

bone cells

Muscle Tissue

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

skeletal muscle

tissue is striated and voluntary

Location: Muscles typically attached to bones

Function: Voluntary movements of skeletal parts

smooth muscle

tissue is not striated and is involuntary

Location: walls of hollow internal organs

Function:involuntary movements of internal organs

cardiac muscle

tissue is striated and involuntary (contains intercalated discs)

Location: Heart Muscle

Function: Heart movements

intercalated discs

allow the heart cells to act as a single unit and beat together

nervous tissue

Location: brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

Function: sensory reception and conduction of electrical impulses

(contains neurons and neuroglia)

neurons

main type of nervous cell. Receives nerve impulses at the dendrites and sends impulses through the axon.

Neuroglia

these supporting cells act as 'nerve glue' to support and bind the components of the nervous tissue.

integumentary system

The skin, the largest organ in the body, and its accessory structures (hair, nails, sensory receptors, and glands)

Skin Layers

1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

3. Hypodermis

Epidermis

outermost layer, composed of stratified squamous epithelium contains stratum corneum and stratum basale Note: as the cells regenerate, older cells are pushed towards the surface where they become nutrient poor and eventually die.

Stratum corneum

outermost layer made of many layers of tough, tightly packed dead cells

Stratum basale

innermost layer located close to the dermis and and nourished by the dermal blood vessels. Therefore, this layer of cells actively grows and divides

hair follicle

sheath that surrounds hair

Hair shaft

visible part of the hair

arrector pili muscle

bundle of smooth muscles associated with hair follicle. Causes goosebumps.

Sebaceous gland

surrounds hair follicle; secretes oily sebum.

Eccrine sweat gland

numerous gland that has an opening (pore) to the surface of the skin to secrete sweat. Non-stinky sweat

Apocrine gland

large sweat gland found in the armpits and groin that become active at puberty. Secretes 'stinky' sweat

Skin Model