Radiologic Pathology - Skeletal System, Malignant Bone Tumors, Pediatric Pathology

BUTTERFLY VERTEBRA

a congenital defect of a vertebra that produces the radiographic appearance of a butterfly on an AP projection

BUTTERFLY VERTEBRA

most are of no significance but they do have the potential for causing instability or altering the shape of the spinal canal

TRANSITIONAL VERTEBRA

an incidental finding that occurs when the vertebra takes on a characteristic of the adjacent region of the spine

CERVICAL RIB

a supernumerary or extra rib that is attached to C7 but does not reach the sternum

LUMBAR RIB

occurs as an outgrowth of bone extending from the transverse process(es) of L1

Lumbarization

a congenital anomaly, in which the sacral vertebrae assume the appearance of a lumbar vertebra, like additional lumbar vertebra and less fused sacral vertebra; lumbarised S1

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA (OI)

a hereditary disorder in which the bones are abnormally soft and fragile

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA (OI)

infants with this condition may be born with many fractures, which can result in deformity or dwarfism or both

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA (OI)

relatively rare congenital bone disorder that is characterized by bones that easily break

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA (OI)

sutures of the skull are unusually wide, containing many small wormian bones

Type I collagen

people with this OI are born with insufficient amounts of a protein which plays an important role in bone formation. what type of protein

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA (OI)

severe bowing of bones (deformity), and/or easy to break

OSTEOPETROSIS/MARBLE BONE DISEASE

increased density of atypically soft bone

OSTEOPETROSIS/MARBLE BONE DISEASE

patients with this very rare condition possess bones that are very hard and dense

OSTEOPETROSIS/MARBLE BONE DISEASE

RA: chalky white or opaque appearance with lack of distinction between the bony cortex and trabechulae

OSTEOPOROSIS

loss of bone density

OSTEOPOROSIS

a "washed- out" radiographic appearance, resulting the loss of bone density

OSTEOPOROSIS

long bones demonstrating thin cortex; bone mineral density (BMD) loss

OSTEOMALACIA

softening of the bones due to a vitamin D deficiency

OSTEOMALACIA

because of the softness of the bones, bowing defects in weight-bearing parts often result

RICKETS

what is the term for osteomalacia in children?

OSTEOMALACIA

can also be manifested in children who ingest an insufficient amount of vitamin D or who are not exposed to enough sunlight

OSTEOMALACIA

RA: decreased bone density, bowing deformity in weight bearing limbs

OSTEOMYELITIS

inflammation of bone due to a pyogenic infection

OSTEOMYELITIS

this condition is the result of a bacterial bone infection that causes bone destruction and abscess formation

OSTEOMYELITIS

one characteristic is the formation of a Brodie's abscess

OSTEOMYELITIS

another characteristic of osteomyelitis is a sequestrum formation

OSTEOMYELITIS

RA: soft tissue swelling and loss of fat-pad detail; erosion of bony margins

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)

chronic, systemic, inflammatory collagen disease

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)

a type of arthritis that can involve joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)

crippling/painful deformity that may cause immobility; especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, ankles and even neck

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

RA: closed joint spaces with subluxation of MCP joint

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

it is progressive, working up the vertebral column and creating a radiographic characteristic known as bamboo spine; males are most often affected

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

RA: calcification with ossification, creating stiffness and lack of joint mobility

GOUT

the disease of kings/rich man's disease/podagra disease

GOUT

form of arthritis that may be hereditary in which uric acid appears in excessive quantities in the blood and may be deposited in the joints and other tissues

1st MTP joint of the foot

common initial attack of gout starts in?

GOUT

RA: uric acid deposits in joint space

OSTEOARTHRITIS/DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE

form of arthritis marked by progressive cartilage deterioration in synovial joints and vertebrae

OSTEOARTHRITIS/DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE

this is the most common type of arthritis and is considered part of the normal aging process

OSTEOARTHRITIS/DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE

RA: narrowing joint space with periosteal on joint margins

PAGET'S DISEASE/OSTEITIS DEFORMANS

non-neoplastic bone disease that disrupts new bone growth, resulting in over-production of very dense yet soft bone

PAGET'S DISEASE/OSTETITIS DEFORMANS

RA: "cotton wool", mixed areas of sclerotic and cortical thickening

POTT'S TUBERCULOSIS/POTT'S DISEASE

form of tuberculosis that occurs outside the lungs whereby disease is seen in the vertebrae

AVASCULAR NECROSIS (AVN)

characterized by bone ischemia followed by bone inflammation and necrosis

SPONDYLOSIS

characteristic of this condition is neck stiffness due to age-related degeneration of intervertebral disks

SPONDYLOSIS

RA: decrease intervertebral joint space, foraminal stenosis, osteophytes

SPONDYLOLYSIS

dissolution of a vertebra, such as from aplasia (lack of development) of the vertebral arch and separation of the pars interarticularis of the vertebra

SPONDYLOLYSIS

scottie dog appearing to wear a collar

SPONDYLOLISTHESIS

forward displacement of a vertebra over a lower vertebra,usually L4-L5/L5-Sl

SPONDYLOLISTHESIS

characterized by the forward movement (subluxation) of one vertebral body on the one below it

OSTEOPOIKILOSIS

osteosclerotic bone dysplasia that is literally translated as “spotted bones”

OSTEOCLASTOMA/GIANT CELL TUMOR

benign lesions that typically occur in the long bones of young adults

OSTEOCLASTOMA/GIANT CELL TUMOR

RA: tumors appears as large "bubbles" separated by thin strips of bone

OSTEOID OSTEOMAS

benign bone lesions that usually occur in teenagers or young adults

OSTEOID OSTEOMAS

RA: small, round-to-oval density with lucent center

RIB-FLAIL CHEST/FLAIL SEGMENT

occurs when three or more contiguous ribs are fractured in two or more places

RIB-FLAIL CHEST/FLAIL SEGMENT

RA: disruption of bony cortex of the rib; linear lucencythrough the rib

PECTUS CARINATUM/PIGEON CHEST

a malformation of the chest characterized by protrusion of the sternum and ribs

chondro-gladiolar

protrusion of the middle and lower sternum

chondro-manubrial

protrusion of the manubrium and upper sternum (less common)

PECTUS CARINATUM/PIGEON CHEST

RA: anterior protrusion of the lower sternum and xiphoid process

PECTUS EXCAVATUM/FUNNEL CHEST/SUNKEN CHEST/HALLOWED CHEST

congenital chest wall deformity in which the sternum grow abnormally and produce a caved-in or sunken appearance

PECTUS EXCAVATUM/FUNNEL CHEST/SUNKEN CHEST/HALLOWED CHEST

RA: depressed sternum

BONE CYSTS

benign, neoplastic bone lesions filled with clear fluid that most often occur near the knee joint in children and adolescents

BONE CYSTS

commonly benign, expansile/expansive, radiolucent lesions that are filled with fluid with unknown etiology

BONE CYSTS

RA: well-circumscribed lucency

BONE TUMORS/METASTASES

primary malignant neoplasms that spread to distant sites via blood and lymphatics

OSTEOLYTIC

destructive lesions with irregular margins and decrease density

OSTEOLYTIC

causes bone destruction and result in a decrease in calcium deposits

OSTEOBLASTIC

causes excessive bone growth and result in an increase in calcium deposits

OSTEOBLASTIC

RA: proliferative bony lesions of increased density

ENCHONDROMA

slow-growing benign cartilaginous tumor is most often found in small bones of the hands and feet of adolescents and young adults

ENCHONDROMA

RA: well-defined radiolucent tumor with thin cortex (often results in pathologic fracture with minimal trauma)

OSTEOCHONDROMA/EXOSTOSIS

benign bone tumor projection with a cartilaginous cap

OSTEOCHONDROMA/EXOSTOSIS

RA: often produce a mushroom or cauliflower appearance and are sometimes referred to as a bone spur; grows parallel to shaft and away from nearest joint

MULTIPLE MYELOMA

malignant neoplasm of plasma cells involving the bone marrow and causing destruction of the bone

MULTIPLE MYELOMA

characterized by an increase in plasma cells within RBC producing bones

MULTIPLE MYELOMA

possess "multicentric" or "punched-out" osteolytic

MULTIPLE MYELOMA

lesions and Bence-Jones proteins are found in the urine

MUTIPLE MYELOMA

RA: typical consists of multiple "punched-out" osteolytic lesions scattered throughout the affected bones

OSTEOSARCOMA/OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA/PRIMARY BONE TUMOR

malignant, primary tumor of bone with bone or cartilage formation

OSTEOSARCOMA/OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA/PRIMARY BONE TUMOR

RA: extensively destructive lesion with irregular periosteal reaction; classic appearance is sunburst pattern that is diffuse periosteal reaction

EWING'S SARCOMA

malignant tumor of bone arising in medullary tissue

EWING'S SARCOMA

RA: "onion peel" appearance resulting stratified new bone formation

CHONDROSARCOMA

a slow growing malignant tumor of the cartilage

CHONDROSARCOMA

an expansile, osteolytic, primary bone tumor

CHONDROSARCOMA

RA: bonne destruction with calcifications in cartilaginous tumors

FIBROSARCOMA

an osteolytic, malignant cancer of the skeletal system that often has a moth-eaten radiographic appearance

SECONDARY BONE CANCER

cancers originating from the prostate gland, breast, thyroid gland, colon, and kidneys often metastasize to the skeletal system

SECONDARY BONE CANCER

most common type of bone malignancy

TMJ SYNDROME

dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint

TMJ SYNDROME

this condition may be caused by malocclusion, stress, muscle spasm, or inflammation

TMJ SYNDROME

RA: abnormal relationship or range of motion between condyle and TM fossa

BURSITIS

inflammation of the bursae or fluid filled sacs that encloses the joints

BURSITIS

RA: fluid filled joint space with possible calcification

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

painful disorder of the wrist and hand that results from compression of the median nerve

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

RA: possible calcification in carpal sulcus

JOINT EFFUSION

refers to accumulated fluid (synovial or hemorrhagic) in the joint cavity

JOINT EFFUSION

RA: fluid-filled joint cavity