Exam 2: Fundamentals

subjective data

information provided by the patient, such as symptoms, feelings, or perceptions (I felt dizzy, or I have pain in my stomach)

objective data

measurable and observable information collected through assessment (vital signs, lab results, wound appearance)

clinical judgement model

• recognize cues

• analyze cues

• prioritize hypotheses

• general solutions

• take actions

• evaluate outcomes

nursing process

a systemic method used for patient care, consisting of five steps: ADPIE

Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation

assessment

gathering subjective and objective data

diagnosis

identifying the patient’s health problems

planning

setting goals and expected outcomes

implementation

carrying out the planned interventions

evaluation

assessing the effectiveness of interventions

phases of nursing research

• identify the problem

• literature review

• formulating a research question or hypothesis

• designing the study

• data collection

• data analysis

• dissemination of findings

PICOT

• Patient population

• Intervention

• Comparison intervention

• Outcome

• Time frame

“In elderly patients with hypertension (P), does reducing salt intake (I) compared to taking medication alone (C) reduce blood pressure (O) over six months (T)”

inductive reasoning

gathering separate pieces of information, recognized a pattern, and formed a generalization

• noticing a pattern in patient falls leading to a general fall prevention guideline

deductive reasoning

starts with general premise and moves to a specific deduction

• using a fall prevention guideline to assess and prevent falls in individual patients

Florence Nightingale

environment theory affects patient healing

Virginia Henderson

Need Theory; 14 basic needs addressed by nursing care

Hildegard Peplau

Interpersonal Theory; health could be improved for psychiatric patients if there were a more effective way to communicate with them

Patricia Benner

From Novice to Expert; caring is the central concept, each person is unique, caring is always specific and relational

Madeleine Leininger

Transcultural Theory; caring as cultural competence

Jean Watson

Science of Human Caring; caring means from a nursing perspective

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• physiological needs- food, water, oxygen

• safety needs- security, stability

• love & belonging- relationships, friendships

• esteem needs- confidence, achievement

• self-actualization- reaching full potential

paradigm

a way of thinking that is shared by a community of scholars who are studying and working on the same phenomena

metaparadigm

• person (patient)

• health

• environment

• nursing (profession’s role in care)

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

healthcare professionals and people from the community who are willing to review and critique research proposals

• protect the research participants from harm

• ensure that the research is of value

qualitative research

focuses on experiences, interviews, and observations; NOT generalize data (how patients feels about a new care method)

quantitative research

generalized to populations; involves numerical data, statistics, and measurable outcomes (comparing blood pressure levels before and after an intervention)

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

• integrates the best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values to improve patient care

• follows the PICOT mode to develop research-based interventions