Schools Vocab Ch. 4-6

aided communication system

aided communication system

A tool and/or equipment (e.g., paper and pencil, communication picture book, whiteboard, voice output device, electronic communication aid) used in addition to the communicator's body to create a multimodal communication system.

apps

Computer software programs that may be downloaded from a website and used in conjunction with mobile technology devices (also known as applications).

asynchronous services

The storing and forwarding of videotaped data to supplement services that are delivered in person.

augmentative and alternative communication

A form of communication other than verbal speech.

cognitive-developmental

Referring to an intervention approach in which the speech-language pathologist assesses the child's stage of development, based on Piagetian theory, and then structures the learning environment and activities to enhance the child's growth of perception, memory, imagination, conception, judgment, and reason within that stage.

consultation model

A service delivery model in which the speech-language pathologist provides ideas for accommodations or modifications that may be implemented by others to meet the individualized needs of a student.

decontextualized

Describing interventions or situations in which all contextual clues are removed.

direct instruction

A teaching style that involves scripted interactions between the teacher and students with drill-and-practice activities that provide repeated opportunities for learning the concept or material.

dual language learner (DLL)

A child who is in the process of learning another language in addition to his or her native language(s); includes other terms frequently used, such as English language learner.

dyad

An interaction unit consisting of two people.

heterogeneous

Grouping students who have different developmental levels, needs, deficits, or learning styles.

Hodson cycles approach

An intervention approach and service delivery model, developed by Barbara Hodson, that is designed to facilitate intelligible speech patterns in children with speech sound disorders.

iDevice

A mobile technology device made by Apple; includes devices such as an iPhone, iPod touch, iPad, and iPad 2.

interpersonal communication

Communication between two or more people.

iTherapy

A speech-language pathologist's use of a software application, in conjunction with an iDevice or a computer and iTunes, as a learning material, motivational tool, or intervention tool.

metacognitive

An understanding of one's own strategies for problem solving, thinking skills, learning styles, planning skills, and self-reflection skills.

metalinguistic

Referring to the conscious awareness of using language, recognizing multiple meanings, drawing inferences, understanding figurative language, planning discourse, and organizing components of language.

milieu language teaching

An intervention approach that requires the speech-language pathologist to (a) select language targets at the appropriate developmental level, (b) structure the environment to increase the likelihood of student-initiated communication, (c) encourage expansion of child-initiated utterances, and (d) reinforce the child's communication attempts to access desired objects or attention.

multimodal communication system

A unique communication system designed to meet an individual's needs that may be composed of gestures, facial expressions, eye movements, postures, verbal speech, audible sounds, sign language, and/or the use of augmentative devices.

multisensory

Describing intervention strategies that activate more than one of the five senses in the learning process.

phonics

A method of teaching reading that focuses on the study of sounds associated with alphabet letters or the groupings of alphabet letters (graphemes) into syllables.

phonological awareness

The ability to identify, blend, separate, and manipulate the sound patterns within a language.

phonology

The selected sound patterns used in any given language to construct its words and sentences based on a linguistic rule system; also, the study of sound in language.

psychogenic

Resulting from emotional conflict.

response to intervention (RTI)

An approach to assessment by which a speech-language pathologist or other educator uses effective, efficient research-based instructional techniques and then analyzes how the student responds to those techniques. A problem-solving framework is used to identify and address the student's unique learning style or learning deficits.

scaffolding

An intervention approach in which the speech-language pathologist asks guided questions to bring the student to a higher level of understanding than that attainable without such assistance.

script training

An intervention approach in which the speech-language pathologist helps the student practice routine phrases or dialogues that commonly are used during activities of daily living or in specific contexts.

self-contained

Describing a service delivery model in which students with disabilities receive special education and or support services in an environment that does not allow the students to interact with nondisabled peers.

semantic map

A visual diagram, outline, or graphic organizer that enables the student to see how relevant information about contexts, attributes, comparisons, contrasts, part-whole relationships, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, sequence, cause and effect, prediction, analogies, hierarchy, or classification are linked.

shared storybook reading (SSR)

An intervention approach in which an adult reads a story aloud while engaging the child or children listening in a discussion that is rich in language enhancing techniques; also referred to read-alouds or story-building lessons.

situated pragmatics

An intervention approach in which the speech-language pathologist focuses on teaching the language needed in specific social routines.

synchronous services

The capturing, transmitting, receiving, and presenting of voice, data, and images in telepractice applications in real time.

team teaching

when two or more educators, or educational specialists, work together to plan, organize, instruct, and/or assess the same student or groups of students.

telepractice

Using telecommunications technology for the delivery of speech-language pathology services at a distance by linking a school-based speech-language pathologist (SLP) to a student, or the SLP to another SLP, for assessment, intervention, and/or consultation.

unaided communication system

A system whereby the communicator uses his or her body (e.g., in the form of gestures, body language, posture, eye movements, and/or sign language) to convey messages that either augment or replace verbal speech.

video modeling

The demonstration of a desired behavior via an electronic device that a student imitates.

baseline risk

The risk that an event will occur without active treatment or intervention.

bias

The alteration in outcome for a study or its findings that can be attributed to the way(s) in which the study is conducted.

blinding/blinded

Referring to a study in which all of the people involved are unaware of which treatment group each participant was assigned to until the results have been interpreted.

case series

A series of people with the same diagnosis.

controlled case study

A study design that examines a group of people who have experienced an adverse event and a group of people who have not experienced the same event, and then looks at how exposure differed between the two groups.

controlled clinical trial

A trial in which participants are assigned to two or more different treatment groups.

controls/control subjects

The participants in a comparison group who receive a placebo, no treatment, or a standard treatment.

cost-benefit analysis

An analytical method that converts effects into the same monetary terms as those for the costs and compares them.

experimental study

A study in which the investigator studies the effect of intentionally altering one or more factors under controlled conditions.

intention to treat (ITT) analysis

Analysis of data for all participants based on the group to which they were randomized and not based on the actual treatment they received.

not significant/nonsignificant (NS)

Referring to results for which the observed difference, or a larger difference, could have arisen by chance with a probability of more than 1 in 20 (i.e., 5%).

randomized controlled trial

A clinical trial in which participants are randomly assigned to two or more groups, with one group receiving an intervention that is being tested and the other group receiving an alternative treatment or placebo.

regression analysis

An analytical method of finding the "best" mathematical model to describe or predict the dependent variable as a function of the independent variable(s).

significant

Statistically significant at the 5% level. This is the same as a 95% confidence interval not including the value corresponding to no effect.

validity

The property of a study or its findings for which the results are unbiased and provide an accurate estimate of the effect that is being measured

assertive communication

Conveying one's needs and concerns clearly and specifically while respecting the needs of the other party.

BATNA

The best alternative to a negotiated agreement.

cognitive behavior modification

Teaching the student how to engage in self-reflection and self-awareness in a problem-solving fashion.

direct response strategy

Providing a contingency that is designed to reduce the undesired behavior.

forced choice

Limiting a student's choices to that between two outcomes that both are acceptable to the learning process or appropriate to the educational environment.

foreshadowing

Providing the expected outcome or a verbal description of what is expected to happen.

indirect response strategy

Providing a contingency that is designed to teach the desired behavior so that it replaces the undesired behavior.

intrinsic motivation

Self-driven desire or drive devoid of any outside influences.

mindfulness training

A cognitive training method that teaches individuals to stay present in the moment with their experiences in a nonjudgmental, calming manner.

MLATNA

The most likely alternative to a negotiated agreement.

people-first language

The practice of describing the person first before using a disability label (e.g., child with Down syndrome vs. Down syndrome child).

respite care

Short-term care provided so that long-term caregivers may have a break from their ongoing duties.

self-regulation

The ability to control one's own emotions.

stigma

A mark of discredit or disgrace.

tactile defensiveness

Hypersensitive reaction to touch or texture.

WATNA

The worst alternative to a negotiated agreement.