It show age-distribution characteristics of species, reproductive strategies, and life history
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Biotic potential
The maximum reproductive capacity of an organism under optimum environmental conditions
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Environmental Resistance
Any factor that inhibits an increase in the number of organisms in the population
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J-Curve
It represents a population growth occurs in a new environment when the population density of an organism increases rapidly in an exponential or logarithmic form, but then stops abruptly as environmental resistance or another factor suddenly impacts the population growth
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S-Curve
It occurs when, in a new environment, the population density of an organism initially increases slowly but then stabilizes due to the finite amount of resources available
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Limiting Factor
It can be any resource or environmental condition that limits the abundance, distribution, and/or growth of a population
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Density-dependent limiting factors
These are factors whose effects on the size or growth of the population vary with the density of the population
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Density-independent factors
These are factors that limit the size of a population, and their effects are not dependent on the number of individuals in the population
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Rule of 70
It helps to explain the time periods involved in exponential population growth occurring at a constant rate
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Doubling time
It is the amount of time it takes for a population to double in size
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Age-structure diagrams
These are determined by birth rate, generation time, death rate, and sex ratios
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Pyramid-shaped age-structure diagram
It indicates that the population has high birth rates and the majority of the population is in the reproductive age group
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Bell shape age-structure diagram
It indicates that pre-reproductive and reproductive age groups are more nearly equal, with the post-reproductive group being smallest due to mortality
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Urn-Shaped age-structure diagram
It indicates that the post-reproductive group is largest and the pre-reproductive group is smallest, a result of the birth rates falling below the death rate, and is characteristic of declining populations
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Total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children that each woman will have during her lifetime
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Demographic transition
It is the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system
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Stage 1
Pre-Industrial (High Stationary) (Low growth)
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Stage 2
Transitional (Early Expanding) (Very High growth Rate)
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Stage 3
Industrial (Late Expanding) (Slow growth)
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Stage 4
Post-Industrial (Low Stationary) (No or negative growth)
Death Rate (%) = \[(total deaths/total population)\]× 100
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Crude Death Rate Formula
CDR = \[(*d* ÷ *p*) × 1,000\]
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Doubling Time Formula
Doubling Time = 70/% growth rate
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Percent Rate of Change Formula
Percent Rate of Change = \[(new # - old #)/old #\] × 100
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Population Growth Rate Formula
\
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Based on _________, even if all other factors are favorable, the one that is least favorable will dictate the growth, abundance, or distribution of the population of a species.
Liebig’s law of the minimum
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This type of population growth is termed “_________” since the growth rate depends on the number of organisms in the population.
density-dependent
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This type of population growth rate is known as “_______,” a regulation of the growth rate is not tied to the population density until the resources are exhausted and the population growth crashes.
density-dependent
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Type I Survivorship
Exhibit high survivorship through life
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Type II Survivorship
Constant proportion of loss over time
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Type III Survivorship
very high mortality rate
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r-Strategists
small, many offspring, don’t invest in offspring, mature early, short lifespans, reproduce once, low resource competition
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K-Strategists
larger, less offspring, lot of parental care, mature slowly, longer lifespan, reproduce more than once, high resource competition
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