Chapter 1-5: Basic Chemistry Concepts (Acids/Bases, Carbon Monoxide/Carbon Dioxide, Energy & Carbohydrates, Protein Quaternary Structure)

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from the lecture notes on acids/bases, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, energy and carbohydrates, and protein structure.

Acid

A substance that donates protons (H+) in solution, increasing H+ concentration and lowering pH.

Base

A substance that accepts protons (H+) or releases hydroxide (OH-), increasing pH.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

A colorless, odorless molecule of one carbon and one oxygen that binds strongly to hemoglobin, hindering oxygen transport.

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Toxic condition from inhaling CO; hemoglobin binds CO more readily than oxygen, reducing oxygen delivery.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

A colorless gas produced by cellular respiration and exhaled; helps balance blood pH and is expelled through breathing.

Monosaccharide

The simplest carbohydrate, typically with 5–6 carbon atoms; examples include glucose and fructose.

Glucose

A six-carbon monosaccharide; primary energy source for body cells (C6H12O6).

Fructose

A six-carbon monosaccharide isomer of glucose; sweeter sugar found in fruits and used in HFCS.

HFCS (High Fructose Corn Syrup)

A sweetener containing a mixture of glucose and fructose derived from corn.

Glycogen

Stored form of glucose in animals; mainly in liver and muscles; energy reserve.

Glycogenolysis

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose monomers to release glucose into the bloodstream.

Cellular respiration

Cell processes that convert glucose and oxygen into ATP (energy), producing CO2 and water.

Energy (biological)

The capacity to perform work; in biology, energy is produced as ATP during metabolism.

Breathing

The physical act of inhaling and exhaling to move air in and out of the lungs.

Respiration (cellular)

The cellular process of using oxygen to convert nutrients into energy (ATP), with CO2 and water as byproducts.

Quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional protein.