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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
4 major macromolecules
polymers
long molecules built by linking chain of repeating smaller units
monomers
repeated chains of molecules
dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)
joins monomers by “taking” water out; requires energy and enzymes
digestion (hydrolysis)
using/adding water to break down or break apart polymers; requires enzymes, releases energy
carbohydrates
a class of molecules ranging from small sugar subunits to large polypeptides; servs as main sources of energy in all organisms
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
carbohydrates are composed of _____, _____, and _____. (full)
energy, energy storage, raw materials, structural materials
4 functions of carbohydrates
sugars
classified by the number of carbons; most names for this end in -ose
hexose (glucose)
6 carbons
pentose (fructose, ribose)
5 carbons
ribose
backbone of RNA
deoxyribose
backbone of DNA
triose (glyceraldehyde)
3 carbons
carbonyl, aldehyde, ketone
what functional groups are sugars usually in?
monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars; the building blocks for more complex forms of sugar; serve as starting materials for the constructions of other organic molecules like fats
glucose
most important fuel sugar for the cells as its an instant source of energy
dextrose
blood sugar; can also be known as glucose
galactose
has same atomic composition as glucose but with different structures
fructose
“corn sugar”; the sweetest sugar found in fruits
disaccharides
complex sugars made up of 2 monomers chemically joined together
maltose
glucose + glucose
lactose
glucose + galactose
sucrose
glucose + fructose
polysaccharides
complex sugars made up of chains and/or branches of monosaccharide; act as a storage and a structural molecule; costs little energy to build
starch
a plant carbohydrate storage composed of glucose molecules; commonly found in potatoes, corn, and cereals
glycogen
an animal carbohydrate storage that can be easily broken down into glucose molecules; is insoluble in water & forms a highly compact shape
cellulose
found in cell wall of plants & is highly insoluble; supports and protects plant cells
cellulase
enzyme used to breakdown/digest cellulose
amylase
enzyme used to breakdown starch
chitin
a structural polysaccharide; found in crustaceans and insects for protections & support