Macromolecules + Carbohydrates

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

4 major macromolecules

polymers

long molecules built by linking chain of repeating smaller units

monomers

repeated chains of molecules

dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)

joins monomers by “taking” water out; requires energy and enzymes

digestion (hydrolysis)

using/adding water to break down or break apart polymers; requires enzymes, releases energy

carbohydrates

a class of molecules ranging from small sugar subunits to large polypeptides; servs as main sources of energy in all organisms

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

carbohydrates are composed of _____, _____, and _____. (full)

energy, energy storage, raw materials, structural materials

4 functions of carbohydrates

sugars

classified by the number of carbons; most names for this end in -ose

hexose (glucose)

6 carbons

pentose (fructose, ribose)

5 carbons

ribose

backbone of RNA

deoxyribose

backbone of DNA

triose (glyceraldehyde)

3 carbons

carbonyl, aldehyde, ketone

what functional groups are sugars usually in?

monosaccharides

simple 1 monomer sugars; the building blocks for more complex forms of sugar; serve as starting materials for the constructions of other organic molecules like fats

glucose

most important fuel sugar for the cells as its an instant source of energy

dextrose

blood sugar; can also be known as glucose

galactose

has same atomic composition as glucose but with different structures

fructose

“corn sugar”; the sweetest sugar found in fruits

disaccharides

complex sugars made up of 2 monomers chemically joined together

maltose

glucose + glucose

lactose

glucose + galactose

sucrose

glucose + fructose

polysaccharides

complex sugars made up of chains and/or branches of monosaccharide; act as a storage and a structural molecule; costs little energy to build

starch

a plant carbohydrate storage composed of glucose molecules; commonly found in potatoes, corn, and cereals

glycogen

an animal carbohydrate storage that can be easily broken down into glucose molecules; is insoluble in water & forms a highly compact shape

cellulose

found in cell wall of plants & is highly insoluble; supports and protects plant cells

cellulase

enzyme used to breakdown/digest cellulose

amylase

enzyme used to breakdown starch

chitin

a structural polysaccharide; found in crustaceans and insects for protections & support