Miller Science Midterm

Robert Hook

Named cells when he saw them in cork through his microscope.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

First to see living microorganisms under a microscope.

Matthias Schleiden

Concluded that all plants are made of cells.

Theodor Schwann

Concluded that all animals are made of cells.

Rudolf Virchow

Proposed that cells can only be made from other cells.

Electron microscopes

Allowed scientists to see cells in great detail.

Organelles

Tiny structures within a cell that perform specific functions for the cell.

Cytoplasm

The liquid inside a living cell.

Cell wall

A rigid layer that surrounds plant cells, providing protection and support.

Chloroplast

A membrane-bound organelle found in plant cells that makes food in the form of sugar.

Mitochondria

Convert food (glucose) into energy for the cell.

Nucleus

The large, oval organelle that directs all cell activity and controls size and reproduction.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Transports proteins and other materials to other organelles in the cell.

Ribosomes

Make the proteins of the cell, which carry out the cell's functions.

Golgi bodies

Assemble and package proteins for distribution.

Vacuoles

Store food and water for the cell; may be large in plant cells and small in animal cells.

Lysosomes

Break down worn-out cell parts and digest cell waste.

Unicellular organism

An organism made up of only one cell, like bacteria.

Passive transport

The movement of substances through the cell membrane without using the cell’s energy.

Diffusion

The movement of small molecules from higher to lower concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a membrane.

Facilitated diffusion

Molecules pass through the cell membrane using transport proteins without energy.

Channel proteins

Transport proteins that form pores through the membrane for molecule passage.

Carrier proteins

Transport proteins that carry large molecules like glucose through the cell membrane.

Active transport

The movement of substances through a cell membrane using the cell’s energy.

Endocytosis

The process of a cell taking in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane.

Interphase

One of the two main phases of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares to divide.

Cytokinesis

The process when the cytoplasm divides and sends organelles to daughter cells.

Photosynthesis

The process where cells capture energy from sunlight to make food.

Chlorophyll

The green pigment in plants, algae, and some bacteria involved in photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis reactants

Water and carbon dioxide are the raw materials needed for photosynthesis.

Cellular respiration

Process where oxygen and glucose undergo reactions, releasing energy.

Fermentation

The release of energy from food without using oxygen.

Yeast

A unicellular fungi used in baking to produce carbon dioxide.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; used as an energy source by cells.

Kilo

Metric prefix meaning 1000 units.

Hecto

Metric prefix meaning 100 units.

Deka

Metric prefix meaning 10 units.

Deci

Metric prefix meaning 0.1 units.

Centi

Metric prefix meaning 0.01 units.

Milli

Metric prefix meaning 0.001 units.

Basic units

Meter for length, Liter for volume, Gram for mass.