Miller Science Midterm
Robert Hook named cells when he saw the cells in cork through the microscope he made.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek sees living microorganisms under the microscope.
Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of cells.
Theodor Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells
Rudolf Virchow proposed that cells are only made from other cells.
Electron microscopes enabled scientists to see cells in great detail.
All organisms are composed of cells.
Improvements in technology and the microscope helped scientists understand cells could be seen in greater detail. Scientists were able to learn about cells in all living things.
A tiny structure within a cell that performs a specific function for the cell is an organelle.
The liquid inside a living cell is the cytoplasm.
The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds plant cells and gives them protection and support.
Chloroplast found only in plant cells is a membrane-bound organelle that makes food in the form of sugar.
Mitochondria convert food (glucose) into energy for the cell.
The nucleus is a large, oval organelle that directs all cell activity and controls its size and reproduction.
The endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins and other materials to other organelles in the cell.
The ribosomes make the proteins of the cell, which carry out a cell's functions.
The golgi bodies assemble and package proteins for distribution.
The vacuoles store food and water for the cell.
Plant cells may have one (or more) large vacuoles while animal cells may have several small vacuoles.
Lysosomes break down worn-out cell parts and digest the cell waste.
A unicellular organism is made up of only one cell like Bacteria.
Cells are made up of many different types of organelles, each structure performs a different function/ job for the cell.
Passive transport is the movement of substances through the cell membrane without the use of the cell’s energy.
The movement of any small molecules from areas of higher concentrations to areas of lower concentration is called diffusion.
The diffusion of water through a membrane is known as Osmosis, which is also a type of diffusion.
Facilitated diffusion is when molecules pass through the cell membrane without the use of energy using special proteins called transport proteins.
Large molecules can be moved in and out of the cell without the use of energy by using Transport proteins.
A type of transport protein that forms pores through the membrane which allow molecules to enter or leave the cell are Channel proteins.
Carrier proteins are a type of transport protein that carry large molecules, such as the sugar molecule glucose, through the cell membrane.
Active transport is the movement of substances through a cell membrane by using the cell’s energy.
Endocytosis is the process during which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane and releasing it inside the cell.
Interphase and mitotic phase are the two main phases of the cell cycle.
Early in interphase, Growing allows plant cells to make more chloroplasts, all cells to make more ribosomes and mitochondria, and enzymes to be created.
Through cells dividing over and over, complex organisms grow in size.
During interphase, the cell grows, makes a copy of its DNA, and prepares to divide into two cells.
During the cell cycle genetic information gets divided so that each daughter cell has identical information.
During DNA replication, chromosomes are created.
Centrioles are structures that help with the dividing of DNA between the daughter cells.
Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm divides and sends organelles to the daughter cells.
Photosynthesis is a process in which cells capture energy in sunlight and use it to make food.
Chloroplasts are the organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
Chlorophyll is the green color that comes from pigments found in plants, algae and some bacteria.
Most of the oxygen we breathe comes from ocean plants, not trees.
In the equation for photosynthesis the raw materials/reactants are water and carbon dioxide.
Sugars are carbohydrates that are useful for storing chemical energy.
Algae would be an example of an organism that would be responsible for releasing oxygen from photosynthesis.
The air in our environment is where plants would get the carbon they need to make glucose molecules during photosynthesis.
Cellular respiration is the process in which oxygen and glucose undergo a complex series of chemical reactions inside cells, releasing energy.
All organisms change the energy in food into usable forms by cellular respiration.
In the equation for cellular respiration the raw materials/reactants would be glucose and oxygen.
Fermentation is the release of energy from food without using oxygen.
There are two types of fermentation: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
When bakers bake bread, the carbon dioxide creates gas pockets which causes the dough to rise in alcoholic fermentation.
Yeast is a unicellular fungi, which is used in baking to produce carbon dioxide for the dough to rise.
Cells use ATP as an energy source to meet high demands for energy during intense workouts
Know the metric system prefixes and their matching units: Kilo=1000 units; Hecto=100 units; Deka= 10 units; Deci= 0.1units; Centi= 0.01 units; Milli= 0.001 units
Basic units are Meter for length; Liter for volume; Gram for mass