anaatomy final (complete) nmu

What are bones?

What are bones?

Calcified Connective tissues

bones function

1) Support the human body.

2) Protection of soft vital structures e.g. the skull

protects the brain.

3) Motion through joints and muscles attached to it.

4) Formation of blood cells in red bone marrow.

5) Stores and releases calcium & phosphorus.

bones are classified according to 3 ?

A. Site (Position).

B. Structure.

C. Shape

bones are classified according to position into 2 types and what are their content ?

1) Axial skeleton: includes the skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage.

2) Appendicular skeleton: includes bones of the upper and lower limbs.

the is skull ? consists of ? protects ?

 The skull is the skeleton of the head region.

 Consists of cranium and mandible.

 Protects the brain, eyes and ears.

a) vertebral column is made of ?

b) its parts are ? 5

a) The vertebral column is

made up of vertebrae.

b) The vertebral column has 32-

33 vertebrae, divided into:

 7 cervical vertebrae.

 12 thoracic vertebrae.

 5 lumbar vertebrae.

 5 fused sacral vertebrae (Sacrum)

 3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae (Coccyx)

the thoracic cage protects ? consists of ?3

 It protects the heart and lungs.

 Consists of:

1. The sternum: anteriorly.

2. The ribs: 12 pairs laterally.

3. Thoracic vertebrae: 12 vertebrae posteriorly.

upper limb (هقول المكان وانت تقول اسم العضم اللي فيه)

girdle ?

proximal segment ?

middle segment ?

distal segment ?

clavicle & scapula

humerus

laterally radius proximally ulna

carpals (8)

metacarpals (5)

phalanges 3 for each finger & 2 for the thumb

lower limb (هقول المكان وانت تقول اسم العضم اللي فيه)

girdle ?

proximal segment ?

middle segment ?

distal segment ?

hip bone

femur

laterally fibula

medially tipia

tarsals (7)

metatarsals (5)

phalanges 3 for each toe and 2 for the big toe

bones are classified acc to shape 6

1- long bones

2- short bones

3- flat bones

4- irregular bones

5- pneumatic bones

6- sesamoid bones

long bones found in ? مكانهم فين يعني المنتشر عشان الامثله كتير

found in proximal and intermediate segments of limps

short bones examples ?

carpals and tarsals

flat bones examples ?

scapula rips and skull cap

irregular bones examples ?

as the vertebrae and hip bone

pneumatic bones shape and examples ?

contain air-filled spaces as bones of the face

sesamoid bones shape and examples ?

small bones, they are developed inside tendons as patella (largest sesamoid)

بعيد عن شكل السوال بس عشان تبقى رابط المعلومه

bone classification according to structure 2 ? and describe each

1) Compact bone:

 Dense & ivory-like.

 Example: cortex of a long bone.

2) Cancellous (spongy) bone:

 Network of bone trabeculae separated by spaces

containing bone marrow

 Example the epiphyses of long bones

parts of the long bones are 5 ?

1-epiphysis

2-epiphyseal cartilage (plate)

3-metaphysis

4-diaphysis

5-periosteum

كدا مترتبين اسهل في الحفظ

epiphysis is ?

the end of long bones

diaphysis is ?

The shaft formed of compact bone enclosing a medullary cavity filled with bone marrow.

epiphyseal cartilage is ? and its properties (3 points total)

1-plate of hyaline cartilage separate the end from the shaft

2-site of growth of bone in length

3-it ossifies at a certain age

periosteum is ?

a fibrous membrane covers the shaft

metaphysis is ?

region of the shaft close to epiphyseal cartilage

blood supply of bones ? 4

1-epiphyseal arteries

2-metaphyseala arteries

3-nutrient artery

4-periosteal artery

joints are ?

they are classified according to the tissue between the bones into ? 3

articulation between two or more bones

and they are classified into

1-fibrous

2-cartilaginous

3-synovial

fibrous joints

characters  ؟(يعني العضمتين بينهم اي (اه والله))

movement ?

types 3?

the articulating bones are connected together by fibrous tissue

no movement or very limited movement

types are :

1-suture

2-gomphosis

3-syndesmosis

suture joints are ?

a type of fibrous joints between skull and it ossifies at old age

gomphosis joints are ?

fibrous joints between the roots of the teeth and their sockets

syndesmosis joints are ?

a type of fibrous joints wheree bones are connected by strong ligaments as interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula

cartilaginous joints

characters ?

movement ?

types ?

the articulating bones are connected together by cartilage

no movement or very limited movement allowed

types are :

1-primary cartilaginous joints

2-secondary cartilaginous joints

compare between 1ry and 2ry cart. joints

1ry and 2ry caart.

a- bones are connected by ?

b- joints ossify ?

c- movement ?

d- examples ?

answer respectively pleaaaaaaaaaaaase

a- 1ry:hyaline cartilage

2ry:fibrocartilage

b- 1ry:ossifies by age 

2ry:doesnt ossify by age

c- 1ry:no movement

2ry:limited movement

d- 1ry: 1st sternocostal cartilage , eppiphyseal plate of long bones

2ry: intervertebral discs, synphysis pubis, manubriosternal joint

characters of synovial joints

mobility ?

articular surface covered by ?

articulating bones separated by ?

joint surrounded by ?

capsule lined by ?

secretion?

1) They are freely mobile joints (allow wide range of movement).

2) Articular surfaces of bones are covered by thin layer of hyaline cartilage.

3) The articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity.

4) The joint is surrounded by a fibrous tissue capsule.

5) The capsule is lined by a synovial membrane.

6) The synovial membrane secrets synovial fluid, which fills the joint cavity.

functions of the synovial fluid ? 2

✓ Lubrication and nutrition of articular cartilage.

✓ Allows free movement of the joint.

structures inside some synovial joints may be ? 3

1-cartilaginous structures like: discs, meniscus (as in knee), labrum : (as in the hip & shoulder) joints

2-ligaments (as cruciate ligament in knee)

3- tendon of muscle

types of synovial joints according to number of articulating bones 3 ?

1) Simple: consists of 2 articulating bones (e.g.: shoulder).

2) Compound: consists of more than 2 articulating bones (e.g.: elbow)

3) Complex: has intra-articular disc or menisci (e.g.: knee).

types of synovial joints according to the shape of articulating bones 7 ?

1-plane synovial joints

2-hinge joints

3-pivot

4-ellipsoid

5-bicondyloid (condylar)

6-saddle

7-ball & socket

plane synovial joints

✓ The articular surfaces are flat.

✓ Allow gliding movement in any direction.

✓ Examples: intercarpal & intertarsal

hinge joints

like the hinge of the door

example: elbow, ankle

pivot joints

✓ Have a central axis rotate in a ring.

✓ Examples: superior radioulnar

ellipsoid

✓ Have one convex surface fitting in an elliptical concavity.

✓ Examples: wrist

bichondy

Have two convex surface fitting in two concavities.

✓ Examples: knee

saddle joints

✓ The articulating surfaces are alternatively concavoconvex.

✓ Examples: carpometacarbal of thumb

ball and socket joints

✓ Have a rounded head fitting in a cup-shaped concavity.

✓ Examples: hip joint

CVS consists of ?2 and describe them

1) Heart: hollow muscular organ which pumps the blood.

2) Blood Vessels: include arteries, veins and capillaries.

the heart size ?

about the size of an individual's closed fist

heart shape?

the heart is conical in shape it has the apex and the base

the heart base formed of ? direction ?

its formed of both atria (right and left atriums)

directed posteriorly (بتبص ل ورا )

the heart apex is formed of ? direction ?

the heart apex is formed by the left ventricle

and its directed anteriorly

the heart position is ? enclosed by ? the heart champers ?

the heart lies obliquely in the middle part of the thoracic cavity

enclosed by a fibro-serous sac called pericardium

the heart is formed of 4 champers two atria and two ventricles

right atrium

type of blood ?

blood enter ?

blood leave ?

non oxygenated

superior and inferior venae cavae

tricuspied orifice to the right ventricle

left atrium

type of blood ?

blood enter ?

blood leave ?

oxygenated

4 pulmonary veins (2 from each lung)

mitral orifice to the left ventricle

right ventricle 

type of blood ?

blood enter ?

blood leave ?

non oxygenated

tricuspied orifice

pulmonary trunk to both lungs

left ventricle

type of blood ?

blood enter ?

blood leave ?

oxygenated

mitral orifice from the left atrium

aorta to the body

compare between the 4 champers of the heart

valves of the heart 4 ?

mitral valve , tricuspid valve

aortic valve amd pulmonary valve

mitral valve site ?

between the left atrium and the left ventricle

tricuspid valve site ?

between the right atrium and the right ventricle

aortic valve site ?

between the left ventricle and aorta

pulmonary valve site ?

between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

the heart arterial supply ?

the heart is supplied by 2 coronary arteries (right and left) which arise from the ascending aorta

the heart venous drainage ?

the heart is drained by 3 cardiac veins (great, middle, and small)

which drain in the coronary sinus then the coronary sinus ends in the right atrium

arteries function ?

valves ?

blood type (oxygenated or non ?) exception ?

what is the name of it after branching?

transport blood away from the heart to different body tissue

they dont have valves

all arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery

they divide into smaller branches and the small artery is called arteriole

veins function ?

valves ?

blood type (oxygenated or non ?) exception ?

what is the name of it after branching?

veins transport blood towards the heart

many of the veins have valves

all veins carry non oxygenated blood except pulmonary veins

veins have tributaries and the small veins are known as venules

types of arteries 3

1-anastamotic arteries

2-end arteries

3-wavy toortuous arteries

anastamotic arteries definition and sites ?

it is the communication between arteries

mainly around joints of the limbs and in the hand and foot

end arteries definition? and examples ?5

arteries which do not anastomose with adjacent arteries

examples : renal, retinal, splenic,

coronary and cerebral arteries.

wavy (tortuos) arteries

definition? and examples ? 4

arteries with wavy course supplying expansible or moving organs

examples: facial, lingual, uterine, and splenic arteries

capillaries are ?

capillaries are minute vessels in the form of a network connecting the arterioles with venules

and their walls are very thin to allow gas and fluid exchange between the blood and the tissue

the respiratory system is divided into ? 2 and mention that each of them consists of

▪ Upper respiratory tract:

Consists of nose, pharynx & larynx.

▪ Lower respiratory tract:

Consists of trachea, bronchial tree & lungs.

the nasal cavity into ? by ?

right and left parts by nasal septum

the nasal cavity opens anteriorly and posteriorly by ?

the anterior and posterior nasal openings 

اه والله زيي زيك

the posterior nasal opening connects what with what ?

connects the nasal cavity with the pharynx

the nose has 4 functions ?

warming , moistening , and filteration of the inspired air and also smell ofc (wow)

paranasal sinuses are ?

their types ? 4

their functions ? 2

❖ Definition: Extension from nasal cavity into the bones of skull.

❖ Types:

1- Frontal air sinus

2- Maxillary air sinus

3- Sphenoidal air sinus

4- Ethmoidal air sinus

❖ Function:

• Resonance of voice.

• Lightening of the scull bone.

pharynx is ?

its parts 3 ?

function ?

❖ Definition: It is a muscular tube extending from the base of skull to the level of the 6th cervical vertebra.

❖ Parts:

• It is subdivided into 3 parts:

✓ Nasopharynx: behind the nose (contains adenoid).

✓ Oropharynx: behind the mouth (contains tonsils).

✓ Laryngopharynx: behind the larynx.

❖ Function:

• Common pathway for food & air.

larynx is ?

extension (begins and ends at ?)

continues as ?

structure ?

functions ?

❖ Definition: Fibro – cartilaginous organ connects the pharynx to the trachea.

❖ Extension:

• Begins at the level of C3

• Ends: opposite the C6 and

continues as trachea.

❖ Structure:

• It consists of cartilages

connected together by

muscles & ligaments.

❖ Functions:

• Air passage.

• Voice production

trachea

length ?

diameter ?

site ?

begins and ends at ?

its structure

❖ Length: 10 cm (4 inches)

❖ Diameter: 1 inch

❖ Site: its upper half lies in the neck while, its lower

half lies in the thorax

❖ Begins: At the level of C6 cervical vertebra as a

continuation of the larynx.

❖ Ends: at the lower border of 4th thoracic vertebra

by dividing into right and left principle bronchi.

❖ Structure: Composed of 15-20 C-shaped rings of

hyaline cartilage.

the trachea is composed of how many rings and what is it made of ?

composed of 15-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

the difference between the right and left bronchi

inhaled foreign bodies destiny (اي شغل الدراما دا)

the right bronchi is shorter, wider and more vertical (in line with the trachea)

so inhaled foreign bodies usually pass to the right lung

compare between the right and left bronchus

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lungs shape ? apex and base direction ?

• Cone-shaped, has:

✓ Apex: directed upwards, towards the

neck.

✓ Base: directed downwards, towards

the diaphragm.

the lungs has how many surfaces ? describe each please

❖ The lung has two surfaces:

1- Medial (Mediastinal) surface:

✓ related to the heart and great

vessels.

2- Lateral (Sterno-costal) surface:

✓ related to the sternum and ribs.

compare between right and left lungs

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pleura definition ? and layers ?

❖ Definition:

•Pleura is a closed serous sac which encloses the lung.

❖ Layers:

•It has 2 layers and pleural cavity in between:

✓ Visceral pleura: is the inner layer.

✓ Parietal pleura: is the outer layer.

pleural cavitiy is ?

•The potential space that lies between the 2 layers & contains a thin film of serous fluid

to prevent friction between the 2 layers

organization of human body

اول سلايد غالبا ملهاش لازمه اهي بردو

describe the anatomical position

its made of 5 points

1.The person stands erect.

2.The feet are together.

3.Arms are straight by the sides of the body.

4. Palms are facing forward.

5.The face is directed forward

لازم عالاقل اضعف الايمان تكون متخيله

midsaggital plane other name ? describe it ..

median plane

.

vertical divides the body into right and left equallllllllll halves

Parasagittal planes: other name ?

describe bro

(paramedian) plane

 Vertical & parallel to midsagittal plane.

 Divides body to right & left unequal parts

coronal plane

 Vertical & perpendicular to midsagittal plane.

 Divides body to anterior & posterior parts

transverse plane other name ?

describe it bro

horizontal plane

.

 Perpendicular to midsagittal & coronal planes.

 Divide the body into upper & lower parts.

. Superior / inferior:

a. Superior (above): is toward the head.

b. Inferior (below): is toward the feet.

Anterior / posterior:

a. Anterior (ventral): is toward the front of the body.

b. Posterior (dorsal): is toward the back of the body.

Median / Medial / lateral:

a. Median: At the middle line of the body.

b. Medial: Toward the midline of the body.

c. Lateral: Toward the side of the body.

Proximal / distal

a. Proximal: Toward the root of the limb

b. Distal: Away from the root of limb

Superficial / Deep

a. Superficial: External near to the surface

b. Deep = Internal away from the surface

Ipsilateral / Contralateral

a. Ipsilateral: At the same side

b. Contralateral: Opposite side

Flexion / extension:

 Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones (bending or approximation).

 Extension: increasing the angle between two bones (straightening).

Abduction / adduction:

 Abduction: movement away from the median plane.

 Adduction: movement towards the median plane.

rotation

 Medial rotation: movement of anterior surface toward the midline.

 Lateral rotation: movement of anterior surface away from the midline.