Ch. 12 + 13: Mitosis and Meiosis, Genetic Variation

the continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells, or ___

cell division

the life of a cell from the time it is first formed during division of a parent cell until its own division into two daughter cells

cell cycle

a cell’s DNA/genetic information

genome

DNA molecules are tightly packaged into structures called ___

chromosomes

the entire complex of DNA and proteins that is the building materials of chromosomes is referred to as ___

chromatin

all body cells except for the reproductive cells

somatic cells

reproductive cells

gametes

joined copies of an original chromosome

sister chromatids

a region made up of repetitive sequences in the chromosomal DNA where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid

centromere

the division of the genetic material in the nucleus

mitosis

the division of the cytoplasm

cytokinesis

includes both mitosis and cytokinesis, is the shortest phase of the cell cycle

mitotic (M) phase

much longer stage that accounts for 90% of the cell cycle

interphase

structure that consists of fibers made of microtubules and associated proteins

mitotic spindle

a subcellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell’s microtubules

centrosome

a structure made up of proteins that have assembled on specific sections of DNA at each centromere

kinetochore

an imaginary plate that the centromeres of all duplicated chromosomes are “lined up” on

metaphase plate

a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

cleavage furrow

the “cleavage furrow” in plant cells

cell plate

type of reproduction in which the cell grows to roughly double its size and then divides to form two cells

binary fission

the specific place on the chromosome where the DNA of the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate

origin of replication

a control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle

checkpoint

the two types of regulatory molecules are both proteins:

kinases and cyclins

___ are enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them

kinases

a protein that gets its name from its cyclically fluctuation concentration in the cell

cyclin