organic structures and names

family name: alcohol

hydroxyl

family name: aldehyde

carbonyl

family name: ketone

carbonyl

family name: acids

carboxyl

family name: amines

amino

family name: amides

amido

family name: thiols

thiol

famly name: esters

ester

family name: alkenes

double bond

family name: ethers

ether

alcohol/hydroxyl

polar (and therefore water soluble); forms hydrogen bonds

aldehyde/carbonyl

polar; found in some sugars

ketone/carbonyl

polar; found in some sugars

acids/carboxyl

weakly acidic; bears a negative charge when it donates a proton

amines/amino

weakly basic; bears a positive charge when it accepts a proton

amides/amido

polar but does not bear a charge

thiols/thiol

does not form hydrogen bonds; therefore less soluble in water than alcohols; easily oxidized to form S-S

esters/ester

found in certain lipid molecules

alkenes/double bond

important structural component of many biomolecules; e.g., found in lipid molecules

alcohol group structure:

R-OH

amines group structure:

R-NH2

thiols group structure:

R-SH

alkenes group structure:

RCH=RCH

ethers group structure:

R-O-R