PAS 2301 Midterm

What does ACPE stand for?

Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education

What is the purpose of ACPE?

to define the curriculum for pharmacy school and to accredit pharmacy technician programs.

What does the A in ACPE represent?

PharmD Accreditation

What does the C in ACPE represent?

Continuing Education Provider Acceleration

What does the P in ACPE represent?

International Service Program

What does the E in ACPE represent?

Pharmacy Tech Education Accreditation Collaboration

What does NAPLEX stand for?

North America Pharmacist License Exam

What is the purpose of NAPLEX?

It is the national association of boards of pharmacy. It provides licensure exams for pharmacists in the USA.

What is the NAPLEX format?

Scenario based and case study questions

How much money is spent on drugs?

$400 billion

How much do pharmacies dispense/How many prescriptions?

1,000 pharmacies dispense 5 billion prescriptions

What is Pharmacy?

Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and dispensing drugs.
It is a health profession that links health sciences with chemical sciences and aims to ensure the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. 
It is a service-focused profession. 

What is the purpose of Pharmacy?

practice of administering, preparing, compounding, preserving, or dispensing of drugs, medicine, and therapeutics. 

What is Dispensing to a pharmacist?

It is a pharmacy's responsibility. We assure the safety and appropriateness of prescribed therapy.

What is Sociology?

The study of human social relationships and institutions.
The study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society. 
The study of social problems.

What does ASA mean?

The study of society.
A social science involving the study of the social lives of people, groups, and societies. 
The study of our behaviors as social beings.

An overarching unification of all studies of humankind, including history, psychology, and economics. 

7 Social Dimensions of Pharmacy

• Communication and Relationship Building

• Cultural Competency and Health Equity

• Social Determinants of Health 

• Health Literacy and Patient Education

• Collaborative Care and Care Coordination

• Accessibility and Medication Adherence Support

• Patient Advocacy and Empowerment

What are the newer social dimensions?

Social and Collaborative

Communication and Relationship Building

The process by which participants create and share information with each other to reach a mutual relationship. This includes active listening, using clear and culturally appropriate language, demonstrating empathy, and building trust through consistent, respectful interactions. 

Cultural Competency and Health Equity

A pharmacist must understand how cultural beliefs, language barriers, and socioeconomic factors influence medication adherence and health outcomes. 

A pharmacist should recognize cultural differences in health practices, working with interpreters when needed, and addressing health disparities that affect medication access and use. 

Social Determinants of Health

A pharmacist should understand how factors such as housing stability, food security, transportation, employment, and educational level impact a patient’s ability to manage their medications effectively. 
Pharmacists increasingly consider these broader social circumstances when developing care plans and making recommendations. 
These determinants can be negative or positive.

Health Care Inequality (sub-section)

Affects different groups of people
From many complex factors (Social Determinants of Health)

Unjust and avoidable in health status. 

Health Literacy and Patient Education

Assessing patients’ ability to understand and use health information, then tailoring education approaches accordingly. 
This includes: using teach-back methods, visual aids, and simplified materials to ensure patients can safely manager their medications (basically help the patients become more aware)

Collaborative Care and Care Coordination

Working effectively with patients, families, caregivers, and other healthcare providers to ensure seamless care transitions and comprehensive medication management. 
Example: understanding family dynamics and support systems that influence patient outcomes. 

Accessibility and Medication Adherence Support

Addressing barriers to medication access, including cost concerns, insurance issues, and logistical challenges.

Example: connecting patients with assistance programs, coordinating with prescribers for alternative therapies, or developing adherence strategies that fit patients’ lifestyles.

Patient Advocacy and Empowerment

Supporting patients in navigating the healthcare system, advocating for their needs, and empowering them to take active roles in their care decisions while respecting their autonomy and preferences.

Patient Counseling

To talk to the patient about their medication and treatment aspects.
Giving patient proper medical advice and instructions. 

What does WHO stand for?

World Health Organization

What is health (WHO)?

The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. 

PHARMACEUTICAL CARE IS FOCUSED ON HEALTH

What does Wellness mean?

Defined as an integrated method of functioning that is oriented toward maximizing the potential of which the individual is capable, within the environment where he or she is functioning. 

What is well-being?

Part of healthcare
The person is functioning.

What is population health (group-based)?

specializing in public health operational epidemiology
Person to group
referring to millions. 

Institutions

place of care (ex: hospital) or for organizations involved in healthcare (like for health insurance)
make decisions for patient care.

Cognitive Aspects of Care

Understanding and addressing the mental processes of both patients and healthcare providers

Illness

Defined by laymen as a reaction to perceived biological alteration.
Highly individual (subjective)
Depends on the state of mind and cultural beliefs, as well as physiological and psychological stimuli.

Subjective Illness

What you feel

Depends on state of mind and cultural beliefs.

How many days is an acute illness?

2 weeks max or couple of days

How many days is a chronic illness?

Longer than 2 weeks

life long and ongoing

difficult to manage (like they have to take multiple medications, 5-6 pills or more)

What are the consequences of treating illness?

• expected

• unexpected

• intended

• unintended

When does illness become a disease?

When you seek professional help.
It gets labeled. 

Further Diagnosis 

Doing physical exams and lab reports to detect what the disease or problem is

What is a Disease?

Professionally defined:

• A person may have a disease and not be ill

• A person may be ill and not have a disease

• Both disease and illness may be present. 

• Resulting from a pathophysiological response to external or internal factors.

What are Silent Diseases?

You may not know you have the disease

Conditions that progress without noticeable symptoms, making them difficult to detect until they reach an advanced stage

Most are killer diseases

Remain ill until it becomes disease. 
Example: pre-diabetes to diabetes 

What does Acute mean?

• rapid symptom onset

• brief duration/short-term

• usually curable

  • easy to manage and cure

What does Chronic mean?

• irreversible alteration in normal anatomy and physiology

• requires long periods of care

• don’t have a cure but can be managed

• longer than 3 months without a cure

• life-long and long-term 

What is Sickness?

A condition that is socially defined.

What is a Disorder?

The disruption of the disease to the normal or regular functions in the body or a part of the body.

Disorders can be classified into:

• Mental

• Physical

• Genetic

• Emotional

• Behavioral

• Structural

What is a Syndrome?

a collection or set of signs and symptoms that characterize a particular condition.

What is a Condition?

an abnormal state of health that interferes with the usual activities or feeling of well-being. 

What is a Sick Role?

A term used in medical sociology regarding sickness and the rights and obligations of the affected. It is a concept created by American sociologist Talcott Parsons in 1951. 

Social Expectations of Sick Role:

1. exemption from normal social role responsibilities (medical practitioner authorization)

2. exemption from responsibility for being ill (looked after)

3. The sick are obliged to want to get better

4. to seek technical competent health and cooperate in trying to get better. 

What is CCASP?

Old one
Product focused and dispensing drugs

What is MTM?

Medication Therapy Management

Purpose is to optimize drug therapy

Retail

CDTM

Collaborative Drug Therapy Management

A formal partnership between a pharmacist and a physician to work to manage drug therapy.

Institutional 

Select, modify, order reports, interpret

NEW

Who writes the laws for pharmacy?

State (ex: stat board of pharmacy)

What does Statutory mean?

states something about who you are, what your role is as a professional, and what your expectations are

The legal definition for pharmacy practice and comes from law. 

Why was the recognition of healthcare providers important?

It was important because it helped engage in preventive measures

• Prevention is better than a cure

• providers are able to advocate for their patients

• prevention and mitigation

Gallup Organization

Does polls

Around since the 1990s

Ask which professions to rate in the top 3 for trustworthy and accessible. 

• Nurses, medical doctors, and pharmacists rank the top 3 in 2023. 

What is a Pharmacy Desert?

Recently occurring problem

Pharmacies are going out of business 

95% of the population lives 5 miles or MORE from pharmacies

Type of inequity, 

Why is the pharmacy desert a serious problem?

Limits patient care

• health care disparity

• health care inequality and equity

• people receive less than optimal care

• some people can get more care than others

• some people can get less care than others

What is the Shrinking of the Pharmacy effect?

the pharmacies are going out of business

What is the $300 billion profit problem?

It is a drug problem:

• Substance abuse for example

• Prescriptions drug abuse and related problems

What is Medication Nonadherence?

When a patient fails to follow the medical advisor’s instructions for taking prescribed medications

• not taking the correct dosage.

• stop taking the meds

• many reasons for patients not to follow instructions 

  • Ex: side effects, expensive, and more

• recognized as a behavioral problem

Who is responsible for the behavioral problem?

The patient

When is Medication Nonadherence a big problem?

When a patient suffers from chronic disease

What are the effects of medication nonadherence?

• people can be hospitalized

• higher health care (apart of the $300 billion profit)

• uncontrolled conditions

What does AACP stand for?

American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy

Why is AACP important?

Responsible for shaping the curriculum for pharmacies in the USA. 

Maintains top 10 list to become a pharmacist

Pharmacy Poll (why pharmacists are regarded so highly)

A pharmacist demonstrates honesty, ethics, and integrity.

Pharmacist used to be 1, now it is 3-5

Why did the ranking for pharmacy go down in the poll?

• more professions were added to the poll

• 9/11 played a roll (ex: police officers were added)

• negative view (ex: pharmacists making mistakes regarding medication)

What two concepts have a link?

Medication nonadherence and Pharmacy deserts

Because of the lack of pharmacies, patients are reporting more health problems, and their cases are worsening.

Where are these issues emerging?

Low-income neighborhoods

How many pharmacies are out there?

89,000

How many pharmacies have closed since 2010?

Almost 1/3 since 2010

What is Med Sync?

the process of aligning a patient’s medication fills so that they can be conveniently picked up on the same day

What is FMLA?

Family Medical Leave Act

What was the lawsuit about 7 years ago?

Had to do with the opioid crisis.

What was the effect of the opioid crisis?

½ million people died due to uncontrolled distribution of it.

Prescription Drug Abuse (opioid crisis)

Pharmacist were dispensing this for pain

many people died due to being addicted (millions got addicted)

A1C

Hemoglobin A1C

Measure average blood sugar level over past 2-3 months

What does more glucose mean?

more A1C

What does A1C below 5.7% mean?

normal

What does A1C between 5.8%-6.4% mean?

pre-diabetes

What does A1C 6.5% and above mean?

type 2 diabetes

Can a pharmacist order an A1C for the patient?

NO 
Only physician and doctor can do this

Can a pharmacist diagnose?

NO

They can only point our symptoms and call the doctor.

Asymptomatic

No symptoms shown

Health Behavior

Any activity undertaken by a person who behaves himself to be healthy, for the purpose of preventing disease or detecting disease in an asymptomatic stage

regular health maintenance like brushing teeth, etc

Illness Behavior

Any activity undertaken by a person who feels ill, for the purpose of determining the state of his health and of the discovery of a suitable remedy. 

Sick Role Behavior

Activity undertaken by those who consider themselves ill for the purpose of getting well.

When are you labeled a patient?

When you are formally diagnosed as a patient

How can health be different?

Can be based on social, geographical, demographical, and economical status

CLASP

Counting, Labeling, Adding, Sticking, and Pouring

NABP

National Association of Boards of Pharmacy: the organization that supports state boards of pharmacy and runs some licensure programs.

Compounding

preparing a customized medication for an individual patient when a commercial product is unsuitable (e.g., special dose, allergen-free formulation, pediatric liquid from an adult tablet, personalized topical).