MODERN- Law Enforcement

MODERN- Law Enforcement

numbers and organisation of police in 1900- how many police forces, organisation between them and number of officers

• around 200 police forces all run differently

• little cooperation between forces

• 42,000 officers

numbers and organisation today- number of officers and number of local forces

• 126,818 police officers

• spread across 43 local forces in England and Wales

factors for change of numbers and organisation

• immigration

• population growth

• rise in crime

training and recruitment in the 1900s

• military drill the only training

• all officers male

• low quality and poorly paid recruits

training and recruitment now- how much training, numbers of female officers and ethnic minorities

• since 1947, recruits undertake 14 weeks of basic training at National Police Training College

• local forces have their own specialists to continue training

• female officers first in 1920- risen from 7% to 28%

• ethnic minorities risen from 1% to 5.5%

training and recruitment factors for change

• human rights- women and race increase in equality

• social attitudes

• immigration

• technology

• rise in organisation

police transport in 1900

officers walked a beat of up to 20 miles a day

transport today; dates of changes

• since 1930s, cars and motorbikes improved police response speed

• by 1970s, these replaced the beat

• helicopters to track suspects and support officers on the ground

• many forces today reintroduced foot and bicycle controls to build better community relations

transport factors for change

• technology

• pop increase

• transport

• economy; able to invest in this as there is more money

crime detection tools in 1900

• eyes and ears of the officer

• witness statements

crime detection tools today and dates

• 1901- used fingerprints and chemical analysis of blood samples to identify suspects

• more recently, DNA samples used as evidence with first murder conviction from this in 1988

crime detection tools factors for change

• tech

• economic investment

• rise in larger crimes

• attitudes in society; want justice

police equipment in 1900

• whistle to call for help

• wooden truncheon

• pistols locked up at police station for emergencies

police equipment today and when introduced

• 1930s- two-way radios in police cars and 999 emergency number

• all officers today carry two way radio for instant communication with police station and headquarters

equipment factors for change

• tech increase

• transportation

• economy

• population and city increase; need to contact from far away

• role of police and its size increasing

record keeping in 1900

• local record keeping poor

• no national record of criminals

record keeping today- name of the system and when introduced, and what it records

• 1974- Police National Computer (PNC)

• collected together several databases including fingerprints, vehicles and missing person details

record keeping factors for change

• rise in tech

• economy

• investment

• attitudes; supports police

main duties of police in 1900

• dealing with crimes, especially theft

• dealing with drunkenness

main duties of police today

• officers deal increasingly with non-crime related incidents e.g. antisocial behaviour, drunkenness, missing persons

• specialist units; Fraud Squad, Drug Squad, dog-handlers, Counter-terrorist Squads, Cyber Crime unit etc

factors for change of main police duties

• new crimes

• more crimes

• role change; there to help everyone

• tech

• transportation

• education

6 specialisations of the police

• Metropolitan Police Bomb Squad

• National Hi-tech Crime Unit

• Fraud Squad

• Specialist drug-trade units

• Dog handling units

• Special Branch

MET POLICE BOMB SQUAD- when set up

1971

MET POLICE BOMB SQUAD- why set up

set up at time of increasing number of terrorist attacks by the IRA and other groups

NATIONAL HI-TECH CRIME UNIT- when

2001

NATIONAL HI-TECH CRIME UNIT- what do they do

• tackle online crimes including hacking, credit cared fraud and virus attacks

FRAUD SQUAD- where and when set up

London 1946

FRAUD SQUAD- why set up

to tackle crime in business and stock market

FRAUD SQUAD- what did officers in this squad need to have knowledge about

required police officers with expert knowledge of finance and business to investigate crimes effectively

FRAUD SQUAD- what has it evolved to also do

to tackle other high-value crimes like art theft

FRAUD SQUAD- what is its official name today

Specialist, Organised and Economic Crime COmmand

SPECIALIST DRUG-TRADE UNITS- what caused this to happen

• 1871 Misuse of Drugs Act, making use of various substances including heroin, cocaine and cannabis criminal offenses so unit needed to tackle crime

SPECIALIST DRUG-TRADE UNITS- what do they do to stop it

• disrupt criminal activity and organisations

• monitoring known drug users

• preventing the further spread of drug use

SPECIALIST DRUG-TRADE UNITS- what agency was set up to tackle drug-trafficking in the UK and when

• National Crime Agency in 2013

SPECIALIST DRUG-TRADE UNITS- what does the National Crime Agency do

• uses intelligence and data on known criminal groups to predict an stop drug hauls reaching the country from abroad

• disrupts supply networks for drugs manufactured in the UK

DOG HANDLING UNITS- when did they begin and where

south London in 1938

SPECIALIST DRUG-TRADE UNITS- when was specialist dog section established within the met

1946

SPECIALIST DRUG-TRADE UNITS- when did most police forces have them

1950s

SPECIALIST DRUG-TRADE UNITS- what are dogs trained to do

• sniff out drugs

• find explosives

• track and catch criminals

• search for missing persons

• strengthen the police presence at major events

SPECIAL BRANCH- what do they do

• tackle threats to national security and terrorism

• through extensive surveillance, they try to intercept possible terrorist acts and inform local police of potential threats

SPECIAL BRANCH- what other group do they work with

MI5

what is the main aim of the police in 21st century

crime prevention

four methods of crime prevention

• educating

• risk

• community support

• neighbourhood watch

EDUCATION- how do police educate

• work with schools to educate young people about avoiding risks that can lead them to becoming victims of crime

• give people advice on making their homes more secure from burglary

• involvement with neighbourhood watch schemes

EDUCATION- what older figures is this similar to (continuity)

reformers like Howard and Fry

what do police do with risk and why

• make risk and threat assessments, predicting where crime may occur and profiling types of people who might be more likely to commit crime

• so they can better plan how to prevent and tackle crime

COMMUNITY SUPPORT- name of officers to do with this and what do they focus on

• Police Community Support Officers

• particular focus on crime prevention

COMMUNITY SUPPORT- what do they work to do and what do they do

• work on stopping anti-social behaviour and reducing the fear of crime

• confiscate alcohol and remove abandoned vehicles

NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH- what is it

local committee of people who raise awareness about crime and encourage neighbours to keep an eye on each others property

NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH- when was the UK’s first Neighbourhood Watch set up

1982

NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH- rise in numbers of Neighbourhood Watch and what was wrong with this

• 1000 to 29,000

• lots of controversy over whether its effective at preventing crime

NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH- why was it introduced

• increase in crime

• Thatcher wanted to increase the role of the individual and reduce the role of the state in law enforcement

NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH- continuity from what

community law enforcement hue and cry

factors for change of the role of the police and why

• role of gov- prime minister wanted role of individual to increase, forming NW

• attitudes of society- punishing harshly wrong, reform and education better to stop crime and teach criminals; can’t execute and wants everyone to be good people

• economy- not enough money to put everyone in prison and cannot kill them so need to decrease crime rates

18 different tech increases in policing

• fingerprints

• blood samples

• photography

• police bikes

• police cars

• two-way radios

• 999 number introduced

• computers for payroll and pensions

• breathalysers

• PNC

• DNA samples

• speed cameras introduced

• CCTV

• biometric screening

• improved communications

• forensic science

• data management

• improved computer software

when was fingerprint branch set up in the Met

1901

name of fingerprint system and what it does

• National Fingerprint System

• keeps record of fingerprints from everyone arrested to create a database which all forces can use

when were different blood types discovered and what did this mean for policing

• 1901

• police can use blood samples from crime scenes to identify criminals

what does improvement in microscopes mean for policing

made it possible to find smaller quantities of blood at crime scenes to use as evidence

what was photography used for

to record crime scenes

when were police bikes introduced and what did it allow officers to do

• 1909

• allow officers to pursue criminals faster

when did police cars become more common and what were installed in cars and qhy

• 1930s

• two way radios installed in cars for better communication with the station and other officers

when was 999 number introduced

1930s

when did Met use first computers and what did they use them for

• 1960s

• process payroll and pensions

when were breathalysers introduced and what did it enable them to do

• 1967

• enabled traffic police to test drivers blood alcohol levels at the roadside, making it possible to catch more criminals drink-driving and speeding acts

• deterrent

when was the Police National Computer (PNC) launched and how many people could it hold records for

• 1980

• 25 million people

when was the first murder conviction based on DNA samples from the victims and accused

1988

when were speed cameras introduced and how did they help policing

• 1992

• made it possible to catch more criminals drink-driving and speeding; deterrent

names of two databases set up to do with fingerprints and DNA and when set up and why

• National Automatic Fingerprint Identification System

• National DNA Database

• 1995

• set up to share information that can be used to identify criminals

why was CCTV good for policing

people less likely to commit crime if they know they are being filmed

what does mass video surveillance do

computer software allows private companies to analyse large amounts of footage and forecast acts of terrorism and other crimes

what does biometric screening do

uses unique body characteristics like fingerprints or eye patterns to restrict access to data, places and buildings

how have communications in policing improved

recording and sharing information directly at a crime scene, using digital tech like tablets and phones

what is forensic science, what does forensic teams do

• carry out highly detailed searches at crime scenes looking for evidence like DNA< fingerprints and objects left by criminals

• DNA and fingerprint samples can be matched to criminals records in national databases

what data management has happened

used to store and share information about crime e.g. National DNA Database

how has computer software improved in policing; what can it now do and how does this help

• new software can rapidly analyse video data to identify criminals

• would’ve taken far longer when a police officer had to watch the video in real time