Thẻ ghi nhớ: Unit 2 - Thinking & Problem Solving | Quizlet

cognition

.all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

concept

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category.

creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

divergent thinking

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions).

convergent thinking

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.

insight

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

fixation

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

belief perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

framing

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

schemas

concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.

functional fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

fixed mindset

the idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change.

growth mindset

the idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow.

executive functioning

the cognitive abilities and processes that allow humans to plan or inhibit their actions.

meta-cognition

"thinking about thinking"; the ability to identify how one learns and to evaluate, monitor, and adapt the learning process.