ANSC 4406 exam 3

what parasites do we deal with?

external parasites: more inconvenient and uncomfy based on severity

internal parasite: main issue due to body condition impact

what are sheep ked?

external parasite

bite and irritate sheep leaving raised blemishes on pelt

kind of a cross between ticks and lice

affects fleece quality

treat with dip, spray or dust with shearing typically necessary

what are wool maggots?

external parasite

get in open sores and bloody dock areas

typically comes in lambing season in the late spring, docking and castration

live in wet environments and feed on dead skin and wool

most common

treat with wool worm medication (a blue spray)

what are screw worms?

external parasite

eats live tissue in open wounds

extremely difficult to control

treat with topical insecticide

used sterile flies to eradicate worms

what are lice?

external parasite

2 different types: sucking and biting

animals scratch and rub

affects wool quality and weight gain

goats more affected than sheep

easy to remove and contract

what are head bots?

external parasites

larvae lives in sinus

shake head and snort

treat with ivermectin

what is psoroptic mange?

aka scabies

external parasite

caused by mite

itching

reportable condition

treat with dust

what are symptoms of internal parasites?

• loss of condition

• rough hair coat

• scours/diarrhea

• anemia

• bottle jaw

• pale mucous membranes (eyelids and gums)

• death

• lethargy

where do parasites normally prevail?

high prevalence is in warm, wet weather in spring

what are some management tips to control parasites?

good drainage for no standing water

prevent overstocking of pastures

clean rested pastures for lambs

do not feed on ground

provide adequate nutrition for all livestock

what are nutrient requirements?

1. water

2. energy- carbs and fats

3. protein

4. minerals

5. vitamins

what are some factors that affect water intake?

1. dry matter intake- 1 gal of water for 4 lbs of air dry feed

2. increased nitrogen intake increases water intake

3. excessive mineral intake- salt 1% in water is highest

4. environmental temp- 70+ degrees increases intake

5. gestation and lactation- increases each month depending on single, twins, triplets

what are some concerns with water intake?

• silage, lush pasture

• rain, dew, snowfall

• hauling water daily- if water deficient, will eat poisonous plants

• water sources- utilization of pasture

• feedlot- running water increases consumption

what are some factors concerning energy?

from fats and carbs

• most limiting nutrient

• energy deficient sheep- decreased growth, weight loss, repro failure, resistance to disease

• increased lamb death

what are some things to increase the energy range?

supplement with corn to increase energy

labor-feed mixture: salt, milo

increase energy in drought and late gestation and lactation

what are some observations about protein?

need quantity more than quality

most expensive nutrient

urea- can only provide 1/3 of total protein in ration and ewes must have plentiful carbs to feed

what are some observations about minerals?

feed, supplement, water

salt: 0.25-0.4 oz per head a day

gather sheep, aid in herding, utilize pasture

what are some minerals to be concerned about?

• iodine- goiter, baby lambs could be woolless if deficient

• calcium- mainly from hay and pasture

• phosphorus- need proper ratio with calcium or develop urinary calculi (stones that block the urinary tract, can cause death if untreated); 2:1 or 2.5:1

• selenium and vit E- work together and if deficient, white muscle disease could be contracted

what are the vitamins needed?

B- synthesized

fat soluble

• A- green feedstuffs; convert carotene to vit A

• D- sunshine

• E- works with selenium to prevent white muscle disease

• K- forage

what are the yearly nutritional requirements?

breeding, gestation, lambing, lactation, dry period

*comprehensive process, mismanagement in one period causes problems in another

what are the breeding nutritional requirements?

flushing

increase nutrition, weight, ovulation rate

flush 2-3 weeks before breeding

what are the gestation nutritional requirements?

147-148 days (5 months)

1. first 2/3 (100 days)- manage @ maintenance

   • maintain body weight

   • 1st 17 days implantation

   • inclement weather, increase feed

2. last 1/3 (50 days)- more feed needed

   • 70% of fetal growth

   • 75% more protein, energy, and dry matter

   • thin ewe = lactation issues

3. ewe should gain 20-30 lbs during pregnancy, be 10 lbs above lamb weight

what are some downfalls to bad gestation nutrition?

mastitis- feed low levels of antibiotics to help prevent

lamb weight- lambs will challenge ewes to produce more milk

what are some products of inadequate nutrition?

1. pregnancy disease- comes from twins and triplets; eats to maintain preg, falls out at the last week, must supplement; can cause twin lamb disease or ketosis

2. lower birth weights

3. weak lambs

4. decreased gain

5. decreased mothering instincts

6. decreased milk production

7. decreased fleece weights

what are the nutritional requirements for lambing?

restrict feed first day, increase slowly

what are the lactation nutritional requirements?

100% needed above maintenance, milk pro peaks @ 2-3 weeks

twins- ewes give 50% more milk than singles; lambs only get 75% of what singles get

precise management recommended: separate twin ewes from single ewes

what is the dry period?

4 month period after lactating and lambing

low input period if previously managed well

if not managed well, high input needed to play catch up

what are baby lamb nutritional requirements?

starvation is leading cause of death for lambs

should nurse 2-3 hours after birth

• 30 mins after birth, blood sugar declines to half

• hypoglycemia happens

temp can amplify problems

can be udder issues or ewe rejection

colostrum is best effective in the first 24 hours, becomes wasteful afterwards

white fat and brown fat (used to generate heat) needed

how does colostrom impact nutrition?

antibodies help shape immune system

lambs need to consume within 12 hrs of birth

can be purchased in powder form @ vet

should have some on hand when lambing starts

best effective in first 24 hrs

local and specie specific is best

what is grafting?

placing an orphan ewe with a ewe who lost lamb

timing has to be spot on (quicker the better)

1. confusion- confuse ewe to think its her lamb (rub new lamb with placenta from dead lamb)

2. keep ewe from beating up lamb (tie her up with halter or stanchion)

what is early weaning?

wean earlier than normal

*farm flocks wean even earlier

wean @ 60-90 days bc its cheaper to feed lambs than ewes

when to early wean

• better use of pasture

• predators

• poisonous plants

• ewe won’t rebreed if lamb is nursing

• accelerated lamb programs

how do you early wean a ewe?

• 1 week before weaning, remove all grain and feed roughage only

• 1 day before remove all feed and water

• weaning day- no feed or water

• 2-5 days- no feed, just water

• after day 5- slowly increase hay intake

when do we creep feed?

• early weaned lambs

• fall and winter born lambs

• twin/triplet lambs

• late season

• drought

how should creep feeding be done?

start soon- 1 week

lambs should gain ½ pound a day to pay off

has to be in a place they wanna be- dry, well lit, warm location, salt

meat breeds= faster to eat (blackface, hair, southdown); fine wools= slower

have to have a high palatability

18-20% crude protein

most expensive ration sheep will ever eat

what are the post weaning diets?

creep = 18% protein

60-90 days= 16% protein

older= 12-14% protein

high energy diet

promotes fast growth

calcium and phosphorus ratio is important

urinary calculi can cause blockage in urethra (can cause death); add ammonium chloride or ammonium sulfate to diet to help dissolve crystals (not a permanent solution)

how do we feed replacement ewes?

• energy- not as much as feedlot lambs; 50:50 concentrate to roughage

• 13-15% crude protein

• don’t fatten too fast

• manage intake aggressively enough so they will breed as lambs and then lamb as yearlings

how do we feed replacement bucks?

• feed forage, balance of concentrates

• can feed a little less to space out growth (2 lbs once a day)

• 2 periods (breeding and non breeding)

• have a little extra fat to compensate for breeding weight loss

• manage feet 30 days before breeding

• management differs but is still important