US History Honors Chapter 6

M.A.N.I.A.

Key causes of WWI: Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination

Bosnia

Country where Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist group responsible for the assassination of Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Neutral Nations

Albania, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Spanish Morocco, Sweden, Switzerland

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers

Algeria, Belgium, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Libya, Montenegro, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Tunisia, United Kingdom

Triple Entente

Informal alliance between Britain, France, and Russia sparked by rising tensions between Britain and Germany in the naval race

Schlieffen Plan

Germany’s plan to defeat France by advancing through neutral Belgium to encircle French troops

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary who led a group of guerillas that burned down Columbus, New Mexico, killing some Americans

Francisco Madero

Mexican reformer who challenged Porfirio Diaz and supported democracy, constitutional government, and land reform

Victoriano Huerta

Mexican general who seized power from Francisco Madero, and presumably had him murdered

US Marines in Nicaragua, Haiti, Dominican Republic

Sent to preserve order and to set up governments that were hopefully more stable and democratic than the current ones

Veracruz

Mexican port that President Wilson sent marines to in an attempt to overthrow Victoriano Huerta

Sussex Pledge

WWI agreement between Germany and the US, meeting the foreign-policy goals of both countries by keeping the US out of the war for a little longer

Zimmerman Telegram

Secret diplomatic communication between Germany and Mexico, with German official Arthur Zimmermann proposing that Mexico ally with Germany in case of a US-German war in exchange for lost territory

U-Boats

Submarines deployed by Germans to get around Britain’s blockage, name originating from the German word Unterseeboot

Hooverize

WWI term originating from President Herbert Hoover asking Americans to be sparing in their use of resources

Selective Service Act (1917)

Act requiring all men 21-30 to register for the draft

Conscription

Forced military service

369th Infantry

African American regiment who earned the Croix de Guerre for gallantry in combat

Women in Military

Served in armed forces, but in noncombat positions. Were hired as temporary clerical workers.

Food Administration

Agency led by Herbert Hoover responsible for increasing food production while reducing civilian consumption

Fuel Administration

Administration run by Harry Garfield focused on managing the nation’s use of coal and oil

War Industries Board

Agency created in July 1917 tasked with coordinating production of war materials

Victory/Liberty Bond

Government-issued bond sold to US citizens to help fund the war effort, promoting patriotism

Great Migration

Massive population movement of African Americans leaving the South to settle in Northern cities, greatly altering the racial makeup of those cities

Committee on Public Information

Government agency led by journalist George Creel with the job of “selling” the war to the American people

Sedition Act of 1918

Expansion of the Espionage Act making it illegal to publicly express opposition to the war

Schenck v. the United States

Landmark case ruling that an individuals’s freedom of speech could be curbed when the words spoken constitute a “clear and present danger”

No Man’s Land

The space between opposing trenches

Trench Warfare

Form of combat where armies dug trenches, relying on rifles and machine guns

Airplanes

First used in combat in WWI, initially used to observe enemy activities, then to drop small bombs, and finally engaged in deadly air battles known as dogfights with machine guns attached to them

Machine Guns

Rapid-fire new weapon

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik Party who overthrew the Russian government and established a Communist government

Bolsheviks

A group of Communists who were competing for power in Russia

Convoys

Groups of merchant ships and troop transports

Cher Ami

Carrier pigeon who delivered a critical message to save over 500 trapped Americans despite being severely wounded by enemy fire

General John Pershing

Commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) who led critical offensives like the Saint-Mihiel battle, assembling over 60,000 American troops

Marshal Ferdinand Foch

French supreme commander of the Allied forces who coordinated the counter-offensive that led to Germany’s defeat

11 November 1918

Date on which Germany signed an armistice, ending the war

Treaty of Versailles

1919 peace treaty formally ending WWI between the Allies and Germany, forcing Germany to accept blame for the war, strip their military, and pay reparations

League of Nations

General association aimed at preserving peace and preventing future wars between member nations by pledging to respect and protect each other’s territory and political independence

Big Four

Principle figures of negotiation in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919: Woodrow Wilson, Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, and Georges Clemenceau

Reparations

War damages

Ottoman Empire

Central Power in WWI which eventually dissolved due to lost territory and revolution

Cost of Living

Cost of essentials that people need to survive

Seattle General Strike

First major strike, where more than 60,000 were involved, paralyzing the city for five days

Boston Police Strike

Most famous strike of 1919, when around 75% of the police force walked off

Chicago Race Riots

Riot caused by an African American being hit by a stone and drowning after going to an all-white beach, lasting several days and causing 38 deaths and 500 injuries

Red Scare

Nationwide panic that Communists might seize power

Socialists

Individuals who believe in government ownership of production to reduce inequalities

Communist International

Organization formed in 1919 by the Soviet Union that coordinated the activities of Communist parties in other countries

Palmer Raids

A series of raids conducted from late 1919 to spring of 1920 to capture suspected socialists

Federal Bureau of Investigation

Later form of the General Intelligence Division

General Intelligence Division

Special division within the Justice Department led by J. Edgar Hoover