Chapter 8 - The Central Nervous System

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109 Terms

1
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The main component(s) of the central nervous system is/are the

brain and spinal cord

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The cerebrum is divided into left and right

hemispheres

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White matter is located

deep to the cortex.
surrounding the nuclei.

4
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The elevations of the cerebral convolutions, called _, are separated by depressed grooves, called _.

gyri….sulci

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FIssures help to define the _____ of the brain.

lobes

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The central nervous system consists of the _ and the _ _

brain, spinal cord

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The cerebrum consists of a total of _ paired lobes.

5

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Basal ganglia are also known as basal

nuclei

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Gray matter is located in the surface layer of the brain, called the __, and deeper within the brain in aggregations called _

cortex, nuclei

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Perception of somatesthetic sensations originating on each side of the body occurs in the contralateral postcentral gyri because the fibers of the sensory pathways __ or cross over between the receptor and the cortex.

decussation

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The surface area of the cerebrum is high due to the presence of folds and grooves, which together are called __

convulations

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The motor speech area is also known as area __

Broca's

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The cerebral hemispheres are separated by a deep groove called the

longitudinal fissure

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The two regions of the brain implicated as centers for various emotions are the

hypothalamus, limbic system

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Masses of gray matter deep within the cerebral white matter are called

basal nuclei and basal ganglia

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Because of decussation, the left half of each retina projects to the _____.

right occipital lobe

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Loss of memory is called _____

amnesia

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Neurons in the hypothalamus and _ __ provide the foundation for emotions.

limbic system

19
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The conversion of a short-term memory into a long-term memory is called

memory consolidation

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The cerebral lobes visible from either side of the brain (left and right lateral views) or from above (superior view) are the

parietal lobe, occipital lob, and frontal lobe

21
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Memory consolidation in part requires proper functioning of the _.

hippocampus and amygdala

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How to brush your teeth, tie your shoe laces, sign your name, and shift gears in a vehicle are examples of _ memory.

nondeclarative and implicit

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Damage to the __ has been shown to result in amnesia.

temporal lobe, head of the cauate nucleus, dorsomedial thalamus, and hippocampus

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Memory of facts or events that can be put into words is called _ memory.

declarative

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The __ is important for maintaining recent memories.

hippocampus

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Short-term memory becomes long-term in the process of memory _____

consolidation

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Declarative memory is impaired in a person experiencing _.

amnesia

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The brain regions required for the conversion of short-term memories into declarative long-term memories are

the hippocampus and amygdala and in the medial temporal lobes

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Optimal memory consolidation by the hippocampus may be impaired by _.

stress

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Long-term memory, memory of simple skills and conditioning is called _ memory.

nondeclarative and implicit

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Long-term memory that can be verbalized is called _.

declarative, episodic, and semantic

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The memory category called _ refers to recalling recent memories.

short-term memory

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A person with impaired declarative memory has __

amnesia

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The most common form of dementia is

Alzheimer's disease.

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Optimal memory consolidation by the hippocampus requires __

sleep

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It has been suggested that the onset of Alzheimer's disease may be delayed by __.

maintaining social engagement, remaining physically and mentally active, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables

37
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Post-traumatic stress disorder often is associated with atrophy of the _____.

hippocampus

38
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The _ lies within the diencephalon.

third ventricle

39
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The consolidation of short- to long-term memory is a function of the ____.

hippocampus and amygdaloid body

40
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Nearly all sensory information passes through the ____ before entering the cerebrum.

thalamus

41
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The neurodegenerative disease associated with neurofibrillary tangles is _

Alzheimer's

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The most inferior portion of the diencephalon is the _.

hypothalamus

43
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Some risk factors for Alzheimer's disease include __.

elevated plasma cholesterol, a sedentary lifestyle, and an infrequent social interaction

44
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Both the hippocampus and the amygdala have receptors for _ , a hormone shown to impair neurogenesis in the hippocampus.

corticosteroids

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The region of the forebrain that contains the epithalamus, thalamus, and the hypothalamus is the __

diencephalon

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The midbrain lies between the ___ and the ____ .

pons, diencephalon

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The region of the diencephalon that relays sensory information (other than olfaction) to the cerebrum is the _____

thalamus

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The hypothalamus lies below the thalamus and is the most inferior aspect of the _

diencephalon

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Social activities, cardiovascular health, and a good diet are possibly the most beneficial lifestyle factors in limiting the progression of _ disease.

alzheimer's

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The region of the brain located between the diencephalon and the pons is called the _.

mesencephalon and midbrain

51
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The groups of neurons in the reticular formation project to the _____.

thalamus and cerebral cortex

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Motor impulses that originate in the brain reach the effectors by way of _ spinal cord tracts.

descending

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Sensory information from _ is transmitted in the ascending tracts.

proprioceptors, cutaneous receptors, and visceral receptors

54
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The rhombencephalon is composed of the __ and __

mesencephalon and myelencephalon

55
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The pyramidal tracts are also known as the __ tracts.

corticospinal

56
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Activation and inhibition of interconnected neurons of the _ permit normal cycles of sleep and wakefulness.

reticular formation

57
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Nerve fibers that transmit sensory information from the body up to the brain are called __ tracts.

sensory

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The _____ nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves.

peripheral

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The ascending tracts convey sensory information from visceral receptors, proprioceptors, and _ receptors.

cutaneous

60
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The numbering of the cranial nerves refers to the

order in which they are positioned in the brain from anterior to posterior.

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The two major groups of descending spinal cord tracts are the __ and the __ tracts.

pyramidal and extrapyramidal

62
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Spinal nerves generally are grouped according to

the number of the vertebra in each region (Arabic numbers - 1, 2, etc.).
the region of the vertebral column from which they arise (using letters - C,T, L, S, O).

63
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Components of the peripheral nervous system include

cell bodies of axons that lie outside the CNS, the spinal nerves, and the cranial nerves

64
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The naming of the _ nerves is by Roman numeral.

cranial

65
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Of the pairs of spinal nerves, there are 12 _____ nerves (region).

thoracic

66
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A head injury that caused partial loss of voluntary muscle control must have damaged the _, located in the _.

primary motor cortex; precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

67
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A person who can understand a sentence, but struggles to repeat it clearly and is aware of the difficulty, may have __.

aphasia in the motor speech (Broca's) area

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Which structure, important for forming memories, is affected by sleep and emotion?

Hippocampus

69
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Working memory -
Episodic memory-
Semantic memory-
Procedural memory-

Working - keeping an email address in mind until you type it in an email
Episodic- remembering a vacation trip to the Grand Canyon
Semantic- knowing the bones of the body
Procedural- knowing how to double crochet an afghan

70
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The production of releasing and inhibiting hormones by the hypothalamus are needed to control the ___.

anterior pituitary gland

71
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The structures in the midbrain that function as visual relay centers are the __.

superior colliculi of the corpora quadrigemina

72
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The cranial nerves associated with hearing and vision are comprised of __.

sensory fibers only

73
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Cranial nerves are classified as __.

either sensory, somatic motor, or mixed

74
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The nuclei in the anterior hypothalamus that function as "clock cells" can be found in the _.

suprachiasmatic nuclei

75
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Check all that apply regarding the hypothalamus.

Responds to changes in ambient temperature
Regulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone
Regulates sleep and wakefulness
Evokes nausea during anxiety

76
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The __ contains the pineal gland, which secretes the hormone __.

epithalamus; melatonin

77
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If the corpus callosum were damaged, or surgically cut, which of the following activities might be difficult to accomplish?

describing and recognizing a friend's face

78
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The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease occurs primarily in the __ of the midbrain.

substantia nigra

79
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The __ and __ are the upper and lower masses of the corpus striatum, respectively.

caudate nucleus; lentiform nucleus

80
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Which of the following activities would depend on proper functioning of the basal nuclei?

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SPECT

Increased neuronal activity increases cerebral blood flow and is measured using emitters of single photons.

82
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MEG

Neuronal magnetic activity is measured using magnetic coils and mathematical plots.

83
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fMRI

Increased neuronal activity increases cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in local areas.

84
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CT

A number of x-ray beams are sent through the brain or body region and are sensed by numerous detectors; a computer uses information to produces images.

85
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EEG

Neuronal activity is measured as maps with scalp electrode.

86
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PET

Increased neuronal activity increases cerebral blood flow and metabolite consumption in local areas.

87
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The only structure of the telencephalon primarily responsible for higher mental function is the __.

cerebrum

88
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Check all that apply as functions of the central nervous system

  1. Receives input from sensory neurons
  2. Directs activity of motor neurons that innervate muscles and glands
  3. Contains association neurons within the brain and spinal cord
  4. Maintains homeostasis in the internal environment
89
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Blockage of the middle cerebral artery would affect which area of the central nervous system?

precentral gyrus

90
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Which area of the brain contains neural stem cells that are apparently important in learning and memory?

subgranular zone of the hippocampus

91
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What specific area of the brain has shown to be involved in complex problem-solving?

prefrontal corte

92
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The hypothalamus and the limbic system are involved in __.

aggression, fear, sex, and goal-directed behavior

93
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Impaired motor coordination in Parkinson's disease is often due to __.

degeneration of the substantia nigra

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What substance can act as a retrograde messenger to suppress release of GABA to contribute to LTP?

Endocannabinoid

95
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Brain metabolism may be best studied by __.

positron-emission tomography

96
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The __ is involved in the improvement of memory when the memory has an emotional content.

amygdaloid body

97
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Recognition of a friend's face is a function of __ cerebral hemisphere(s) in most individuals.

right

98
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A "word salad" speaking pattern occurs when __.

Wernicke's area is damaged

99
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Based on experimental evidence, the __ hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat.

preoptic-anterior

100
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Releasing and inhibiting hormones are produced in the __.

hypothalamus