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The main component(s) of the central nervous system is/are the
brain and spinal cord
The cerebrum is divided into left and right
hemispheres
White matter is located
deep to the cortex.
surrounding the nuclei.
The elevations of the cerebral convolutions, called _, are separated by depressed grooves, called _.
gyri….sulci
FIssures help to define the _____ of the brain.
lobes
The central nervous system consists of the _ and the _ _
brain, spinal cord
The cerebrum consists of a total of _ paired lobes.
5
Basal ganglia are also known as basal
nuclei
Gray matter is located in the surface layer of the brain, called the __, and deeper within the brain in aggregations called _
cortex, nuclei
Perception of somatesthetic sensations originating on each side of the body occurs in the contralateral postcentral gyri because the fibers of the sensory pathways __ or cross over between the receptor and the cortex.
decussation
The surface area of the cerebrum is high due to the presence of folds and grooves, which together are called __
convulations
The motor speech area is also known as area __
Broca's
The cerebral hemispheres are separated by a deep groove called the
longitudinal fissure
The two regions of the brain implicated as centers for various emotions are the
hypothalamus, limbic system
Masses of gray matter deep within the cerebral white matter are called
basal nuclei and basal ganglia
Because of decussation, the left half of each retina projects to the _____.
right occipital lobe
Loss of memory is called _____
amnesia
Neurons in the hypothalamus and _ __ provide the foundation for emotions.
limbic system
The conversion of a short-term memory into a long-term memory is called
memory consolidation
The cerebral lobes visible from either side of the brain (left and right lateral views) or from above (superior view) are the
parietal lobe, occipital lob, and frontal lobe
Memory consolidation in part requires proper functioning of the _.
hippocampus and amygdala
How to brush your teeth, tie your shoe laces, sign your name, and shift gears in a vehicle are examples of _ memory.
nondeclarative and implicit
Damage to the __ has been shown to result in amnesia.
temporal lobe, head of the cauate nucleus, dorsomedial thalamus, and hippocampus
Memory of facts or events that can be put into words is called _ memory.
declarative
The __ is important for maintaining recent memories.
hippocampus
Short-term memory becomes long-term in the process of memory _____
consolidation
Declarative memory is impaired in a person experiencing _.
amnesia
The brain regions required for the conversion of short-term memories into declarative long-term memories are
the hippocampus and amygdala and in the medial temporal lobes
Optimal memory consolidation by the hippocampus may be impaired by _.
stress
Long-term memory, memory of simple skills and conditioning is called _ memory.
nondeclarative and implicit
Long-term memory that can be verbalized is called _.
declarative, episodic, and semantic
The memory category called _ refers to recalling recent memories.
short-term memory
A person with impaired declarative memory has __
amnesia
The most common form of dementia is
Alzheimer's disease.
Optimal memory consolidation by the hippocampus requires __
sleep
It has been suggested that the onset of Alzheimer's disease may be delayed by __.
maintaining social engagement, remaining physically and mentally active, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables
Post-traumatic stress disorder often is associated with atrophy of the _____.
hippocampus
The _ lies within the diencephalon.
third ventricle
The consolidation of short- to long-term memory is a function of the ____.
hippocampus and amygdaloid body
Nearly all sensory information passes through the ____ before entering the cerebrum.
thalamus
The neurodegenerative disease associated with neurofibrillary tangles is _
Alzheimer's
The most inferior portion of the diencephalon is the _.
hypothalamus
Some risk factors for Alzheimer's disease include __.
elevated plasma cholesterol, a sedentary lifestyle, and an infrequent social interaction
Both the hippocampus and the amygdala have receptors for _ , a hormone shown to impair neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
corticosteroids
The region of the forebrain that contains the epithalamus, thalamus, and the hypothalamus is the __
diencephalon
The midbrain lies between the ___ and the ____ .
pons, diencephalon
The region of the diencephalon that relays sensory information (other than olfaction) to the cerebrum is the _____
thalamus
The hypothalamus lies below the thalamus and is the most inferior aspect of the _
diencephalon
Social activities, cardiovascular health, and a good diet are possibly the most beneficial lifestyle factors in limiting the progression of _ disease.
alzheimer's
The region of the brain located between the diencephalon and the pons is called the _.
mesencephalon and midbrain
The groups of neurons in the reticular formation project to the _____.
thalamus and cerebral cortex
Motor impulses that originate in the brain reach the effectors by way of _ spinal cord tracts.
descending
Sensory information from _ is transmitted in the ascending tracts.
proprioceptors, cutaneous receptors, and visceral receptors
The rhombencephalon is composed of the __ and __
mesencephalon and myelencephalon
The pyramidal tracts are also known as the __ tracts.
corticospinal
Activation and inhibition of interconnected neurons of the _ permit normal cycles of sleep and wakefulness.
reticular formation
Nerve fibers that transmit sensory information from the body up to the brain are called __ tracts.
sensory
The _____ nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves.
peripheral
The ascending tracts convey sensory information from visceral receptors, proprioceptors, and _ receptors.
cutaneous
The numbering of the cranial nerves refers to the
order in which they are positioned in the brain from anterior to posterior.
The two major groups of descending spinal cord tracts are the __ and the __ tracts.
pyramidal and extrapyramidal
Spinal nerves generally are grouped according to
the number of the vertebra in each region (Arabic numbers - 1, 2, etc.).
the region of the vertebral column from which they arise (using letters - C,T, L, S, O).
Components of the peripheral nervous system include
cell bodies of axons that lie outside the CNS, the spinal nerves, and the cranial nerves
The naming of the _ nerves is by Roman numeral.
cranial
Of the pairs of spinal nerves, there are 12 _____ nerves (region).
thoracic
A head injury that caused partial loss of voluntary muscle control must have damaged the _, located in the _.
primary motor cortex; precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
A person who can understand a sentence, but struggles to repeat it clearly and is aware of the difficulty, may have __.
aphasia in the motor speech (Broca's) area
Which structure, important for forming memories, is affected by sleep and emotion?
Hippocampus
Working memory -
Episodic memory-
Semantic memory-
Procedural memory-
Working - keeping an email address in mind until you type it in an email
Episodic- remembering a vacation trip to the Grand Canyon
Semantic- knowing the bones of the body
Procedural- knowing how to double crochet an afghan
The production of releasing and inhibiting hormones by the hypothalamus are needed to control the ___.
anterior pituitary gland
The structures in the midbrain that function as visual relay centers are the __.
superior colliculi of the corpora quadrigemina
The cranial nerves associated with hearing and vision are comprised of __.
sensory fibers only
Cranial nerves are classified as __.
either sensory, somatic motor, or mixed
The nuclei in the anterior hypothalamus that function as "clock cells" can be found in the _.
suprachiasmatic nuclei
Check all that apply regarding the hypothalamus.
Responds to changes in ambient temperature
Regulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone
Regulates sleep and wakefulness
Evokes nausea during anxiety
The __ contains the pineal gland, which secretes the hormone __.
epithalamus; melatonin
If the corpus callosum were damaged, or surgically cut, which of the following activities might be difficult to accomplish?
describing and recognizing a friend's face
The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease occurs primarily in the __ of the midbrain.
substantia nigra
The __ and __ are the upper and lower masses of the corpus striatum, respectively.
caudate nucleus; lentiform nucleus
Which of the following activities would depend on proper functioning of the basal nuclei?
SPECT
Increased neuronal activity increases cerebral blood flow and is measured using emitters of single photons.
MEG
Neuronal magnetic activity is measured using magnetic coils and mathematical plots.
fMRI
Increased neuronal activity increases cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in local areas.
CT
A number of x-ray beams are sent through the brain or body region and are sensed by numerous detectors; a computer uses information to produces images.
EEG
Neuronal activity is measured as maps with scalp electrode.
PET
Increased neuronal activity increases cerebral blood flow and metabolite consumption in local areas.
The only structure of the telencephalon primarily responsible for higher mental function is the __.
cerebrum
Check all that apply as functions of the central nervous system
Blockage of the middle cerebral artery would affect which area of the central nervous system?
precentral gyrus
Which area of the brain contains neural stem cells that are apparently important in learning and memory?
subgranular zone of the hippocampus
What specific area of the brain has shown to be involved in complex problem-solving?
prefrontal corte
The hypothalamus and the limbic system are involved in __.
aggression, fear, sex, and goal-directed behavior
Impaired motor coordination in Parkinson's disease is often due to __.
degeneration of the substantia nigra
What substance can act as a retrograde messenger to suppress release of GABA to contribute to LTP?
Endocannabinoid
Brain metabolism may be best studied by __.
positron-emission tomography
The __ is involved in the improvement of memory when the memory has an emotional content.
amygdaloid body
Recognition of a friend's face is a function of __ cerebral hemisphere(s) in most individuals.
right
A "word salad" speaking pattern occurs when __.
Wernicke's area is damaged
Based on experimental evidence, the __ hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat.
preoptic-anterior
Releasing and inhibiting hormones are produced in the __.
hypothalamus