Neuro Study guide WEEKS 0-3? (unfinished)

I (1) Olfactory

Smell — Sensory

II (2) Optic

Vision — Sensory

III (3) Oculomotor

Moves eye up, down and inward

IV (4) Trochlear

Moves eye medially and down — Motor

V (5) Trigeminal

Facial sensation; chewing — Both

VI (6) Abducens

Abducts eye (moves eye laterally) — Motor

VII (7) Facial

Facial expression; taste (anterior tongue); tears; salivation — Both

VIII (8) Vestibulocochlear

Hearing; balance (head position & movement) — Sensory

IX (9) Glossopharyngeal

Taste (posterior tongue); salivation; monitors BP from carotid; constricts pharynx, gag reflex, inner ear sensation — Both

X (10) Vagus

Regulates swallowing & speech; taste; sensation from pharynx & larynx; regulates viscera, heartrate organs — Both

XI (11) Accessory

Elevates shoulders; turns head — Motor

XII (12) Hypoglossal

Moves tongue — Motor

Descibe Spina Bifida

Spina bifida is a congenital neural tube defect where the spinal column does not close completely, resulting in varying degrees of disability and complications, depending on the location and severity of the defect.

• mobility issues like difficulty walking, orthopedic problems such as hip dislocations and scoliosis, and sensory deficits in the legs and feet. Other complications are bladder and bowel dysfunction, increased risk of pressure sores and poor healing due to poor sensation, and reduced bone density

What is Grey Matter?

= Processing

• It’s where the “thinking” parts of the nervous system live (cell bodies + dendrites).

• If you group them in the CNS → called a nucleus.

• If you group them in the PNS → called a ganglion.

• If gray matter is spread out on the surface → called a cortex (like the cerebral cortex).

What is White matter?

= Signaling chanels or wiring

• mostly axons, which are like wires that carry signals between different parts.

• Depending on shape/location, bundles of axons get different names: tract, fasciculus, lemniscus, peduncle, bundle (all basically “cables”).

• Two big special ones:

  • Corpus callosum = the giant bridge of axons that connects the left and right brain hemispheres.

  • Internal capsule = the “highway” that carries info up to the cortex and back down.

Descibe an Upper Mottor Neuron

originates in the cerebral cortex or brainstem and sends signals to lower motor neurons, thus controlling voluntary movements. They are involved in the direct control of movement by transmitting signals that influence muscle contraction and coordination.

If damaged:

• Hyperreflexia when tested

• Spastic (stiff) paralysis

• Increased reflexes

• Babinski sign

• clonus (Muscle Jumping)

Describe a Lower Motor Neuron

A lower motor neuron is a type of neuron that originates in the spinal cord and directly innervates skeletal muscles. It is responsible for executing movements by transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the muscles.

If damaged:

• flaccid paralysis,

• muscle atrophy

• decreased reflexes

• Fasciulations under the skin (twitches)

M1 Descibes what portion in the brain? Functions?

M1 refers to the primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe. It is responsible for initiating voluntary motor movements and coordinating motor functions.

S1 Describes what portion in the brain? Functions?

S1 refers to the primary somatosensory cortex, located in the parietal lobe. It is responsible for processing sensory information from the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain.

A1 Descibes which portion of the brain? Functions?

A1 refers to the primary auditory cortex, located in the temporal lobe. It is responsible for processing auditory information, including sound perception and language comprehension.

V1 Descibes which portion of the brain? Functions?

V1 refers to the primary visual cortex, located in the occipital lobe. It is responsible for processing visual information, including aspects such as color, motion, and depth perception.