Bio Exam 2.2

fluid mosaic model

the structure and organization of the plasma/cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer

fluid layer

cholesterol

on the phospholipid bilayer

membrane proteins and carbohydrates

mosaic

membrane proteins and carbohydrates

embeded within or associated with the lipid bilayer

peripheral proteins

surface (interior or exterior membrane) anchors (non covalently attached) that help with signals

integral proteins

deeply imbedded tunnels that move materials

integral proteins

middle section is hydrophobic

anchored proteins

attached to fatty acids or other lipid groups

anchored proteins

its lipid tails keep the protein tucked into the cell membrane

carbohydrates

surface id tags

carbohydrates

glycoproteins and glycolipids

phospholipids

lateral movement and flip flop movement

anchored proteins

no movement

non-anchored proteins

movement

small, nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules

slip through the bilayer

large, polar, hydrophilic molecules and ions

have trouble slipping through the bilayer

tight function

creates a firm seal between two adjacent animal cells

desmosomes

cell junction that provides intense mechanical structure

gap junction

direct channel between two adjacent animal cells that allow ions and nutrients to pass between cells

cell membranes

made up of a bilayer or phospholipid molecules

passive transport

movement of ions and molecules across the cell membrane without requiring energy

passive transport

natural movement from high to low concentration

simple diffusion (passive transport)

molecules slip directly through the fatty bilayer

simple diffusion (passive transport)

net movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

simple diffusion (passive transport)

movement continues until equilibrium is reached but no net movement

simple diffusion (passive transport)

spontaneous

simple diffusion (passive transport)

only small nonpolar molecules

simple diffusion (passive transport)

co2 and o2

simple diffusion (passive transport)

small lipids

facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

using a protein doorway

facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

no energy needed

facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

polar and charged molecules diffusing with help

facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

specialized transport proteins as shields to let them through

channel proteins

open tunnel for a quick passage

carrier proteins

revolving doors that bind and carry specific molecules

osmosis

the specific movement of water

osmosis

net water movement across a membrane

osmosis

water moves through the semipermeable layer while solutes are blocked

hypertonic

the environment around the cell has a higher solute concentration that the cell

hypotonic

the environment around the cell has a lower solute concentration than the cell

isotonic

the environment around the cell has the same solute concentration as the cell

active transport

using a protein pump

active transport

requires energy

primary active transport

directly burns ATP to move ions and creates a charge difference across the membrane

primary active transport

Na and K pump

Na and K pump

3 Na outside while 2 K come inside

secondary active transport

uses an existing electrochemical gradient to pull a second molecule along

secondary active transport

uses atp indirectly

secondary active transport

how cells grab sugars and amino acids

secondary active transport

sodium glucose

bulk transport

moves entire cells, fluid droplets, or large proteins

bulk transport

requires wrapping cargo in membrane vesicles

endocytosis

1. The process of active transportation of molecules into the cells by the action of engulfing it along with its membrane 

receptor mediated endocytosis

a highly selective process where cells absorb specific metabolites, hormones, and proteins by inward budding of the plasma membrane

exocytosis

the process that is responsible for the release of moelcules r particles

catabolism

synthetic work

catabolism

synthesis or production of essential biomolecules by breaking down the nutrients

anabolism

biosynthetic work

anabolism

creation of more complex molecules from simple precursors through metabolism

gibbs free energy

thermodynamics property indicating the spontaneity of a reaction

enthalpy

total potential energy stored in a system

entropy

energy that’s lost as heat or disorder

catabolism

negative delta g

catabolism

exergonic

catabolism

the products are at a lower energy state than the reactants

catabolism

spontaneous (increased entropy)

anabolism

more free energy

anabolism

endergonic

anabolism

the products are at a higher energy state than the reactants

anabolism

nonspontaneous (decreased entropy)

inhibitors

shut an enzyme off

reversible inhibitors

noncovalent attachments to enzymes

competitive inhibitors

a molecule that looks just like the substrate parks itself into the active site

competitive inhibitors

changes the shape of the active site

non-competitive inhibition

binds to an allosteric site

allosteric inhibition

inhibition by binding event at an allosteric site which indices a conformational change

allosteric inhibition

reduces the enzyme’s affinity for its substrate

allosteric activators

modify the active site of the enzyme so that substrate binding is reduced or prevented