Bio 3&4 complete

chemical reaction

Occurs when atoms combine or change bonding partners

Organic molecule

Molecules with a chemical skeleton on composed primarily of carbon

Hydrocarbon

Molecule containing only hydrogen and carbon molecules

Structural isomers

Molecules with the same chemical formula but differ in how the atoms are arranged

Functional groups

A characteristic combination of atoms that contribute specific properties when attached to other molecules

Condensation (aka dehydration synthesis)

Process in which water is removed to join two monomers

Hydrolysis

Process in which polymers are broken down and water is added

Glycosidic linkage

Covalent bond that joins two sugars

Polypeptide

A long chain of amino acids

t/f: When there is more than one carbon, molecules can form complex shapes

true; ex: C4H10 (butane)

The arrangement in dimensional space is critical and _____.

determines a molecule's chemistry and function

_________ vary in shape and size, have specific 3D shapes, and are characterized by specific chemical properties.

Molecules

Examples of hydrocarbons

Methane (1C), Ethane (2C), Propane (3C), Butane (4C)

C4H10

molecular formula for butane

t/f: Molecules can differ when they have the same chemical formula but a different structural formula

true- meaning it can have many different molecules

Structural isomers example

butane vs isobutane

Most biological molecules produced by cells have other groups attached- what are those groups called?

Functional groups

Four important classes (families/groups) of organic molecules in LOs:

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

how are carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids formed?

monomer + monomer + monomer

how are macromolecules synthesized?

by joining smaller subunits (monomers)

equation for building a polymer?

monomer + monomer + monomer = polymer (there are more monomers).

what are subunits linked together by?

covalent bonds

what is the opposite of dehydration synthesis?

hydrolysis

what are the monomers that make carbohydrates?

simple sugars- monosaccharides

are carbohydrates water soluble (hydrophilic)?

yes, they are able to be dissolved in water

What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?

1C:2H:1O;

1 sugar = _________________, 2 sugars = ________________, 3 sugars = ________________, sugar polymers = ______________________

monosaccharide; disaccharide; trisaccharide; polysaccharide

function of carbohydrates

1. source of energy for plants and animals

2. structural support for plants (cellulose) and arthropods (chitin)

t/f: cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule on earth

true

is chitin digestible by humans?

no, it is not

examples of arthropods

cockroaches, insects, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, crabs

Examples of monosaccharides

ribose (C5H10O5) (pentose sugar), glucose (C6H12O6) (hexose)

Glucose is produced by _____, consumed by _____, and is used for ____.

produced by plants, consumed by animals, used for temporary energy storage (isomers are Alpha and Beta)

in a structural carbohydrate molecule, which C recieves the highest number?

the C molecule that hangs off of the ring

structural formula of ribose vs deoxyribose

ribose: C #2 has hydroxyl;

deoxyribose: C #2 does not have hydroxyl (has only H)

disaccharide examples

sucrose, maltose, cellobiose

Disaccharide is used for _____ term energy storage

SHORT term energy storage

the ending "ose" indicates what?

the molecule is a sugar molecule

_____ + _____ = sucrose (table sugar)

glucose + fructose

Maltose is made of

2 ALPHA glucose (glucose + glucose);

glycosidic linkage by C1 and C4

cellobiose structure

2 BETA glucose

cellobiose linkage

beta, C1 and C4

examples of polysaccharides

glycogen, starch, cellulose

glycogen facts (hint: 5)

• found only in animals

• 20 to 30 glucose

• highly branched and compact

• used for long term energy storage

• stored in the liver and converted to glucose and released into the bloodstream when needed

starch facts (hint: 2)

• found only in plants

• energy storage molecules in plants

cellulose facts (hint: 4)

• found only in plants

• provides structural support in plants

• composed of beta glucose

• much more difficult to break down than starch

structure of glycogen vs starch vs cellulose

glycogen: highly branched structure

starch: branched structure

cellulose: linear structure

Cellulose structure

linear and unbranched; beta + beta + beta

when beta glucose molecules bond together, the molecules....

the molecules "flip flop"- one is right side up, one is upside down (this make it very strong)

t/f: alpha glucose molecules flip when they form bonds

false, they form bonds in the same direction

what is the monomer that makes up proteins?

amino acids

polypeptide chain

chain of amino acids (amino acid + amino acid + amino acid)

t/f: often 2 or more polypeptides form a protein

true

function of proteins

• some form machinery for movement in muscles and skin

• some form enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions

a typical animal cell has over ________ different proteins

10000

t/f: all amino acids have the same general formula

true

how does a cell know what protein to make?

the instructions from the RNA

what is same and different between all amino acids?

same: the amino group, the carboxyl group, the hydrogen, and the central carbon

different: the variable group (usually denoted by R)

formula for an amino acid

a central carbon with four different groups (amino, carboxyl, H, and R) where R is a variable group that determines reactivity of molecule

How many different amino acids are there? Why?

20 different amino acids because there are 20 different possible R groups

How does protein synthesis occur?

through dehydration synthesis

describe the primary structure of protein

sequence of amino acids

describe the secondary structure of protein

alpha helix or beta pleated sheet; maintained by hydrogen bonds between polar sections

Describe the tertiary structure of a protein

folding of the molecule upon itself, caused by the interactions between R groups

describe the quaternary structure of proteins

bonding of two or more polypeptide chains; results from ways subunits bind together and interact

What is the function of a protein decided by?

Its shape (see denature)

the molecule with a triphosphate group (3 phosphates together) is usually

ATP

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

Two types of nucleic acids

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

function of nucleic acids

store, transmit, and express genetic information

function of ATP

store and transfer energy; formed by the mitochondria, called the "currency of the cell"

all nucleotides have ___ parts

three

what are the three parts of nucleotides?

five carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base

Bases of DNA

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (A-T, C-G) ("Always

Taste/Ur" "Gourmet Cheese")

Bases of RNA

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil (A-U, C-G) ("Always

Taste/Ur" "Gourmet Cheese")

purines

• bases with a double-ring structure

• adenine and guanine

pyrimidines

• bases with a single-ring structure

• cytosine, thymine, and uracil

DNA exhibits complementary base pairing

purine A always pairs with pyrimidine T and purine G always pairs with pyrimidine C- it will always have three rings between the strands (a purine always goes with a pyrimidine= 2+1)

DNA will always have _ rings between the strands

3, a purine always goes with a pyrimidine= 2+1

RNA

• contains ribose

• single stranded