AP Bio Semester 1 Review Final Exam

studied byStudied by 11 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

Matter

1 / 659

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

660 Terms

1

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

New cards
2

Element

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances through chemical reactions. Each has a symbol. 92 occurring in nature.

New cards
3

Compound

Substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. *Characteristics different than those of its elements

New cards
4

CHON

4 elements essential to life

New cards
5

Trace Elements

Required by an organism only in minute quantities.

New cards
6

Atom

Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. Composed of subatomic particles. Mostly empty space.

New cards
7

Subatomic particles

Neutrons, protons, electrons. Make up atoms.

New cards
8

Proton

One unit of positive charge. Approximately one dalton. Located in nucleus.

New cards
9

Electron

One unit of negative charge. Located outside of nucleus.

New cards
10

Atomic Nucleus

Dense core packed with protons and neutrons.

New cards
11

Neutrons

Electrically neutral. Approximately one dalton.

New cards
12

Atomic Number

The number of protons (which is unique to that element) and written as a subscript to left of element symbol. Also tells us number of electrons since P=E if atom is neutral

New cards
13

Mass Number

Sum of the protons and the neutrons. An approximation of the atomic mass.

New cards
14

Isotopes

Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons and therefore different mass. Same element.

New cards
15

Radioactive Isotope

One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. Can decay to a different element. Have useful applications.

New cards
16

Energy

Capacity to cause change

New cards
17

Potential Energy

Energy matter possesses because of its location or structure. Electrons have this based on distance from nucleus.

New cards
18

Electron Shells

Where electrons are found, each with characteristic average distance and energy level. Electrons can change these by absorbing or losing energy.

New cards
19

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell.

New cards
20

Chemical Bonds

The attraction that holds atoms together during an interaction.

New cards
21

Covalent Bond

Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.

New cards
22

Molecule

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

New cards
23

Single Bond

One pair of shared electrons.

New cards
24

Structural Formula

H--H. Notation which represents both atoms and bonding.

New cards
25

Double Bond

Sharing two pairs of valence electrons.

New cards
26

Valence

Bonding capacity. Equal to the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the outermost (valence) shell.

New cards
27

Electronegativity

The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.

New cards
28

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally.

New cards
29

Polar Covalent Bond

Where one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom and the electrons of the bond are not shared equally.

New cards
30

ionic bond

The attraction of cations and anions.

New cards
31

Ion

A charged atom.

New cards
32

Cation

A positively charged atom.

New cards
33

Anion

A negatively charged atom.

New cards
34

Ionic Compounds

Or Salts. Compounds formed by ionic bonds.

New cards
35

Hydrogen Bond

When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.

New cards
36

van der Waals Interactions

Ever changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another.

New cards
37

Molecular Shape

Determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another.

New cards
38

Reactants

The starting materials of a chemical reaction.

New cards
39

Products

The resulting material of a chemical reaction.

New cards
40

Chemical Equilibrium

The point at which the relative concentrations of the products and the reactants stop changing and offset one another exactly.

New cards
41

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Name the 4 types of macromolecules

New cards
42

Metabolism

All the chemical conversions that occur within a cell Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism

New cards
43

Catabolism

Conversion of complex organic molecules into smaller molecules by breaking chemical bonds

New cards
44

Anabolism

Conversion of small organic molecules by forming chemical bonds between smaller molecules

New cards
45

Hydrolysis

Pocess that is the reverse of dehydration synthesis. In __________, or water breakage, the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule.

New cards
46

Dehydration synthesis

Reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded, with the loss of a water molecule

New cards
47

Polymers

Long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

New cards
48

Glycosidic linkage

In carbohydrates, monosaccharides are joined together in a covalent bond called __________ _______.

New cards
49

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates are made up of _______________.

New cards
50

Monosaccharide

The monomer in a carbohydrate is a(n) ______________. EX: Glucose

New cards
51

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides covalently bonded form a ____________. EX: Sucrose

New cards
52

Polysaccharide

Three or more monosaccharides linked together form a ______________.

New cards
53

Glycosidic linkage

The bond in a carbohydrate is a(n) __________ _______.

New cards
54

Chitin; cellulose

Two examples of structural carbohydrates are ______ and _________.

New cards
55

Cellulose

Polymer of β glucose monomers that is found in plant cell walls

New cards
56

Glycogen; starch

Stored carbohydrate in an animal is called ________; in a plant, it is ______.

New cards
57

α glucose

Starch and glycogen are polymers of ________ molecules.

New cards
58

Polymers

Lipids are the only large biological molecules that do not form __________.

New cards
59

Lipids

Cushioning of organs, insulation, and energy storage are three functions of ___________.

New cards
60

Glycerol; fatty acid chains

Triglyceride is composed of a ______ and three ____ _____ ______.

New cards
61

Unsaturated fats

Fats with one or more double covalent bonds, which is less likely to solidify and more flexible.

New cards
62

Phospholipid

Basic structural component of cell membranes, with a polar/hydrophilic head region and a nonpolar/hydrophobic tail region, giving membranes their selective permeability.

New cards
63

Steroid

Lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of hydrogen-fused rings.

New cards
64

HDL

Good cholesterol is called ___ ____________. HINT: Keep your ____ HIGH :-)

New cards
65

LDL

The bad cholesterol, which can harden in arteries. HINT: Keep your ____ LOW :-)

New cards
66

Ester linkage

In a triglyceride, the ---OH of glycerol loses a H and the ---COOH of the fatty acid chain loses a ---OH which joins to form water in a(n) _____ _______.

New cards
67

Amino acid

The monomer in a protein is a(n) _____ ____.

New cards
68

Amino; carboxyl; R

Amino acids are formed of a(n) _____ group with a(n) ________ group and a(n) _ group side chain.

New cards
69

20

different amino acids which can assemble according to genetic code to make different proteins.

New cards
70

Peptide

In a _______ bond, the ---COOH group in one amino acid loses an ---OH and the ---NH2 group in another amino acid loses a H.

New cards
71

Polypeptide

The polymer in a protein is a(n) ___________.

New cards
72

3D structure

The amino acid sequence ultimately determine the __ _________ of proteins.

New cards
73

Structure

A protein's _________ determines its function.

New cards
74

Primary

At the _______ level of protein structure, a linear sequence of amino acids is joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.

New cards
75

Secondary

At the _________ level of protein structure, hydrogen bonds form between the partial positive hydrogen atom of amine groups and the partial negative oxygen atom of carboxyl groups.

New cards
76

β Pleated Sheet

__ ___________ ______________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.

New cards
77

α Helix

___ ___________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.

New cards
78

Tertiary

At the ________ level of protein structure, various chemical associations in precise regions of a polypeptide cause it to fold into a 3D shape that will determine its function.

New cards
79

Quaternary

At the __________ level of protein structure, 2 to 4 completely formed polypeptides combine.

New cards
80

Sickle cell anemia

In this disease, one amino acid at the primary level (valine) replaces glutamic acid and the result is a distorted shape at the subsequent levels.

New cards
81

Hormonal

Insulin and glucagon are examples of _________ proteins.

New cards
82

Receptor

________ proteins are embedded in all membranes and allow cells to interact with molecules and other cells.

New cards
83

Contractile/Movement

___________ proteins, such as actin and myosin, are found in muscle cells.

New cards
84

Transport

_____________ proteins move molecules into and out of cells.

New cards
85

Defensive

_________ proteins, like antibodies, are produced in response to antigens and bind to them.

New cards
86

Denaturation

Excessive heat can cause ____________, in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape.

New cards
87

Chaperonins

Assist in the proper folding of the protein by keeping the polypeptide segregated from disruptive chemical conditions in the cytoplasmic and create a hydrophilic environment for folding polypeptides

New cards
88

Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are composed of ___________.

New cards
89

Polynucleotide

The polymer in a nucleic acid is a(n) ______________.

New cards
90

Phosphodiester bonds

Nucleotides link together via ________ _____ to form nucleic acid.

New cards
91

Ribose

The sugar in RNA is ______.

New cards
92

deoxyribose

The sugar in DNA is ______.

New cards
93

A, T, C, G

The nitrogenous bases in DNA are ____.

New cards
94

A, U, C, G

The nitrogenous bases in RNA are ____.

New cards
95

Hydrogen

Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA form complementary base pairs by forming ____________ bonds.

New cards
96

sugars; phosphate groups

The backbone of DNA and RNA molecules is composed of alternating _____________ and ______________.

New cards
97

organic chemistry

The study of carbon & hydrogen compounds (organic compounds).

New cards
98

carbon

this atom has 4 electrons in valence shell and can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms

New cards
99

hydrocarbon

An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

New cards
100

isomer

One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types are structural, geometric, and enantiomers.

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 8 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
Updated ... ago
4.5 Stars(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 49 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 14 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 16 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 50 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(3)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard38 terms
studied byStudied by 3 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard32 terms
studied byStudied by 8 people
Updated ... ago
4.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard23 terms
studied byStudied by 92 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(2)
flashcards Flashcard66 terms
studied byStudied by 5 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(2)
flashcards Flashcard87 terms
studied byStudied by 6 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard45 terms
studied byStudied by 6 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard24 terms
studied byStudied by 3 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard150 terms
studied byStudied by 2 people
Updated ... ago
4.0 Stars(1)