(2) ALCOHOL, ALDEHYDE & PHENOL DERIVATIVES

8th

the antibacterial activity of alcohol increases with increasing molecular weight until the __ carbon only

branching

decreases solubility

staphylococcus aureus

the organism used to test the antibacterial property

alcohol

• wine spirit, ethyl alcohol

• prepared by hydration of ethylene

• most widely used recreational drug

• undergoes a series of oxidation-reduction reactions in vivo

denatured alcohol

ethanol has been rendered “unfit for use” in intoxicating beverages by the addition of other substances

completely denatured alcohol

contains methanol and pyridine that is unsuitable for external and internal use

specially denatured alcohol

ethanol that is treated with one or more substance to be used in tinctures, MW, after shave lotions and extraction purposes

dehydrated ethanol

• absolute ethanol

• contains NLT 99% w/w

• prepared by azeotropic distillation of ethanol-benzene mixture.

• used in pain in carcinoma, neuralgias and as chemical reagent or solvent

isopropyl alcohol

• 2-propanol / propan-2-ol

• slightly bitter taste

• 91% v/v of isopropanol

azeotropic isopropyl alcohol, USP

used in gauze pads

ethylene oxide

• gas used to sterilize temperature sensitive medical equipment (plastics) and certain pharmaceuticals that cannot be autoclaved

• oxirane, carboxide

• non-selective alkylating agent

formaldehyde
(formol, formalin)

• contains NLT 37% w/v of HCHO with methanol

• embalming agent, deodorant, antiseptic, disinfectant

• acts on proteins by denaturation

• acts on nucleic acids by alkylation

glutaraldehyde disinfection (cidex)

• glutarol

• sterilizing solution for equipment and instruments that cannot be autoclaved

phenol

Substitution with alkyl, aryl, and halogen in______ increases bactericidal properties.

straight chain alkyl groups

Presence of ____ enhances bactericidal activity more than branched groups.

alkylated phenols and resorcinol

are less toxic than parent compounds while retaining bactericidal properties.

cell membrane

MOA of phenol acts on ___

phenol, USP

• surgical alcoholic antiseptic

• colorless to pale-pink crystalline with characteristic “medicinal odor”

• general “protoplasmic poison”

anti-pruritic

phenolated calamine lotion is used as _____

topical anesthetic

phenol-glycerin used as ____

liquefied phenol

phenol with 10% water, NLT 89% w/w

p-chlorophenol

• PC of 4

• used in combination in liquid petrolatum

• used externally as antiseptic and anti-irritant

p-chloro-m-xylenol

• PC-MX, Metasep

• non-irritating antiseptic with broad spectrum antibacterial and anti-fungal properties

hexachlorophene

• Gamophen, Surgicon, pHisoHex

• 2%-3% in soaps, detergent creams, lotions and shampoo

• effective against gram positive but resistant to gram negative

• cause neurologic toxicity in infants and in burn patients

cresol, NF

• Cresylic acid

• PC of 2.5

• unpleasant odor

chlorocresol

• 4-chloro-3-methyl-phenol

• colorless crystal and used as preservative

thymol

• isopropyl m-cresol

• antifungal for the tx of tinea capitis, tinea corpus

eugenol

• 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol

• obtained from clove, a pale yellow liquid with strong aroma and pungent taste used as local anesthetic and antiseptic

resorcinol

• 1,3-m-dihydroxybenzene, resorcin

• weak antiseptic

• PC of 0.4

• keratolytic agent

hexylresorcinol

• cristoids, caprokol

• PC of 98

• antiseptic, local anesthetic, surfactant