Diabetes Video

What is diabetes mellitus characterized by?

High blood glucose due to inadequate insulin or resistance.

What are the two most commonly encountered types of diabetes?

Type 1: No insulin production. Type 2: Insulin resistance and deficiency.

What is insulin and how does it work in the body?

A hormone that promotes glucose uptake for energy or glycogen storage.

What happens when blood glucose levels fall too low?

Glucagon is released, prompting glycogen breakdown to glucose.

How is human insulin reproduced?

Through recombinant DNA technology in bacteria or yeast.

Why is insulin typically administered by subcutaneous injection?

It is degraded in the GI tract.

What are the three major categories of insulin preparations based on their action?

Rapid-acting, Intermediate-acting, Long-acting.

What modifications are made to insulin molecules to create rapid-acting analogs?

Altered amino acids to reduce hexamer formation.

What is NPH insulin and how does it differ from rapid-acting insulins?

Intermediate-acting insulin with slower onset due to zinc/protamine.

What are the long-acting insulins mentioned?

Detemir, Glargine, Degludec.

What is amylin and what is its function?

A hormone that delays gastric emptying, suppresses glucagon, and promotes satiety.

What is the only amylin mimetic currently available?

Pramlintide.

What are incretins and their role in the body?

Gut hormones that stimulate insulin and slow gastric emptying.

How do GLP-1 mimetics benefit patients with diabetes?

Stimulate insulin, slow gastric emptying, promote satiety, and support weight loss.

What is the function of DPP-4 inhibitors?

Enhance incretins by blocking their degradation.

How do sulfonylureas stimulate insulin secretion?

Inhibit potassium channels in beta cells, causing insulin release.

What are the common side effects of sulfonylureas?

Hypoglycemia, weight gain.

How do glinides differ from sulfonylureas?

Faster onset and shorter action via different binding sites.

What is the main blood glucose-lowering activity of biguanides?

Reduce hepatic glucose production and increase insulin sensitivity.

What is the primary mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones?

Activate PPAR-gamma to improve insulin sensitivity.

What are the common side effects of thiazolidinediones?

Weight gain, fluid retention, increased HDL.

How do sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors work?

Block glucose reabsorption in kidneys, increasing glucose excretion.

What is alpha-glucosidase and its role in carbohydrate digestion?

An enzyme that breaks down carbs into glucose for absorption.