Chapter1-3 exam

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body or body parts.

Physiology

The study of the function of the body or body parts.

what does complementarity of Structure and Function mean?

The principle that function is dependent on structure .... and the structure of a body part implies its possible function.

Cellular Level

The smallest living unit, made up of molecules.

Tissue Level

Consists of similar types of cells.

Organ Level

Composed of different types of tissues.

Organ System Level

Groups of organs that work together closely.

Organismal Level

The highest level, representing the complete human organism made up of many organ systems.

whats the most abundant compound / molecular in the body?

water

Normal Body Temperature

A narrow range (35-37°C or 95-98.6°F) required for the body to function properly.

what do we need oxygen for?

high-yield ATP production

what is: the ability to maintain a stable internal environment in a changing external environment.

homeostasus

Negative Feedback

Mechanisms that work to reverse a change.

Positive Feedback

Mechanisms that amplify (make bigger) a change.

Anatomical Position

The standard reference position where the body is upright, directly facing the observer, with feet flat on the ground and arms at the sides with palms facing forward.

Superior (cranial)

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above.

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.

Anterior (ventral)

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of.

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind.

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of.

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Superficial (external)

Toward or at the body surface.

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal.

Dorsal Body Cavity

Houses the central nervous system, including the cranial and vertebral cavities.

Cranial Cavity

Houses the brain.

Vertebral/Spinal Cavity

Houses the spinal cord.

Ventral Body Cavity

Houses the visceral organs, subdivided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Thoracic Cavity

Fills the chest and contains the heart and lungs.

Abdominal Cavity

Holds digestive organs and kidneys.

Pelvic Cavity

Holds reproductive organs and organs of excretion.

Atoms

The building blocks of matter, consisting of a central nucleus with positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

Elements

Unique substances made of only one type of atom.

Ions

Atoms that have gained or lost electrons, giving them a net electrical charge.

Cations

Positively charged ions (lost electrons).

Anions

Negatively charged ions (gained electrons).

Molecules

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Mixtures

Two or more components that are physically intermixed but not chemically bonded.

Solutions

Homogeneous mixtures where a solute is dissolved in a solvent

solute particles are very tiny and do not settle out or scatter light

Suspensions

Mixtures where particles are very large and will settle out.

Concentration

The amount of substance per unit volume; Molarity (M) is moles per liter

moles of the substance/ L of water

Covalent Bonds

Formed when atoms share valence electrons; these are the strongest chemical bonds.

Ionic Bonds

The attraction between a cation and an anion. (have charges!)

They are relatively weak and can be broken by water.

Hydrophilic

"Water-loving" substances that dissolve in water and interact with it.

Hydrophobic

"Water-fearing" substances that do not dissolve in water.

Organic Compounds

Compounds containing carbon (and H usually)

Carbohydrates

Hydrophilic organic molecules (sugars) often used as an energy source.

the most basic unit is: monosaccharide

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars / 1 saccharide molecule

- 6 carbon ring

3 types : glucose, galactose, fructose

most basic unit of carbohydrate?

monosaccharide

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides covalently bound.

Polysaccharides

Long chains of sugar monomers used for carbohydrate storage in an organism:

- such as glycogen in animals,

- starch or cellulose in plants

Lipids

Hydrophobic organic molecules (fats).

what is the smallest unit of lipids?

fatty acids

Triglycerides

3 fatty acids bound to glycerol, used for energy storage.

saturated fatty acid?

a long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain (no C to C double bonds)

these are solid at room temperature - ex: butter - because they can pack more closely together

unsaturated fatty acid?

A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail

these are liquid at room temperature

- ex: oil - because they kink/bend and cannot pack closely together

Phospholipids

2 fatty acids bound to glycerol plus a phosphate headgroup

- which is the structural foundation of cell membranes

- They have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

what part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic? head or tail?

phosphate head group

Steroids

Hormones made from cholesterol that are important signaling molecules and a component of animal cell membranes.

- made of fats/lipids

Proteins

Polymers (chains) of amino acids.

what are amino acids made of?

nucleic acids

Peptide Bonds

Bonds linking amino acids to form proteins.

Denaturation

The partial or complete unfolding of a protein, which leads to a loss of its biological activity.

Nucleic Acids

Chains of nucleotide subunits that store and transfer genetic information.

what are nucleic acids made of?

sugar phosphate backbone and a nitrogenous base (toward the middle)

DNA

Contains the genetic information of a cell and determines what proteins it makes.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

- the energy transfer molecule in the body.

- It releases energy when its high-energy phosphate bonds are broken.

Cell

The smallest living unit.

Plasma Membrane

The outer boundary of the cell, a bilayer of phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol in animal cells.

Cytoplasm

The material within a cell, excluding the nucleus.

Nucleus

The organelle that contains the cell's genetic material.

Key Cell Functions

Include metabolism and energy use, synthesis of molecules for structure and function, communication, and reproduction and transmission of genetic information.

Bilayer

Flexible structure described as a fluid mosaic.

Selectively permeable

Allows some substances to pass through but not others.

Receptors

Bind extracellular ligands and transmit signals.

Enzymes

Catalyze chemical reactions at the membrane surface.

Channels

Allow solutes like ions in and out of the cell.

Carriers

Function to move things in and out of the cell.

Cell-identity markers

Allow the body to distinguish self from non-self.

Cell-adhesion proteins

Bind cells to one another.

Microvilli

Finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption or secretion.

Cilia

Hair-like projections with a whipping/wave motion to propel substances over the cell surface.

Passive Transport

Does not require energy; net movement is down the concentration gradient.

what is Filtration? is it active or passive?

Particles are forced across a barrier by hydrostatic pressure

passive!

Simple Diffusion? is it active or passive?

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

PASSIVE!

Osmosis? active or passive?

The diffusion of water down its concentration gradient.

PASSIVE!

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of solutes down their concentration gradient with the help of a carrier or channel protein.

passive!

Active Transport

Requires energy (ATP) to move solutes against their concentration gradient.

Vesicular Transport

Movement of materials into and out from the cell by vesicles.

Exocytosis

Vesicular transport of materials out of the cell.

Endocytosis

Vesicular transport of materials into the cell.

Phagocytosis

"Cellular eating," where the cell extends its plasma membrane to engulf a foreign body.

large particles!

Pinocytosis

"Cellular drinking," where the cell engulfs extracellular fluid and solutes.

small particles!

Cytosol

The viscous, semi-transparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic components are suspended.

Organelles

"Little organs" that are specialized cellular compartments that serve a specific function for the cell.

What is the function of rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Protein synthesis via ribosomes

What is the function of smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Lipid synthesis and Calcium storage - no ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Stacks of membrane-bound sacs that modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids.

Mitochondria

The "powerhouses" of the cell; they produce ATP.