AP Bio Unit 2 Test

Limitation of cell size

Size:volume rato, n²:n³, slows metabolism and makes it harder to get nutrients

Mitochondria

DNA, atp synthesis, folds to increase surface area, plasma membrane, ribosomes

Plasma membrane

In all cells, phospholipids, proteins, semi-permiable membrane

Nucleus

DNA, cell function and management, envelope has inner and outer membrane held together by nuclear lamina, pores for movement of molecules

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis, made of rRNA and ribosomes proteins, free in the cytosol and make cytosol proteins, bound on nuclear envelope or RER for membrane synthesis

Rough Endopasmic Reticulum

Peptide chains go through lumen and fold before getting attached to vehicles and being transported, makes membranes

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Makes steroids, phospholipids, and oils, detoxifies poisons by adding and OH- to make the poison soluable, stores calcium to pump to lumen to cytosol or vise versa

Centriole

Controls movement of microtubiles with the help of centrisomes, animal only

Golgi Body

Takes in transport vesicles and sorts them as they move from the cis to trans face, made of cisternae with lumen inside

Peroxisome

Turns H2O into H2OH to help break down molecules, Animal and plants

Chloroplasts

DNA, made of thylakoids and cholophyll for photosynthesis, thylakoids made of stacks of granum and stomach is rest of the space inside, plant only

Cytoskeleton

Fibers to support, produce mobility, and assist in biochemical activities

Lysosome

Digests via autophagy or phagocytosis, hydolyctic sac, animal only

Central vacule

Holds sap (K and Cl) and water, plant cells only

Contractile vacule

Pumps water out of cell for homeostasis, plants and freshwater animals

Cell wall

Protects, maintains shape, made of cellulose, polysaccarides, and proteins, primal is thin and flexible, secondary is thick and in laminated layers, middle lamina is between cells, plant cells

Gap junction

Transfers molecules between cells, protein chains, coordination, animal cells, animal cells

Extracellular matrix

Animal cells, glycoproteins, collagen embedded in proteoglycan spiderweb, fibronectin connects to membrane via integrins

Plasmodata

Connects cytosol between cells through cell walls, plant cells

Transmembrane proteins

Goes through the phospholipid bilateral completely

Peripheral protein

Attached temporarily to membrane surface

Integrins

Perminantly on membranes for signals

Cholesterol

Keeps membrane from being too fluid or solid

Cell fractionation

Separate organelles to study individual functions and properties

Type 1

Ions, small, polar

Type 2

Molecules, large, polar

Type 3

Small, polar, molecules

Type 4

Molecules, small, nonpolar

Amphipathic

Charged partially negative, partially positive

Tonicity

Ability for a solution to make a cell gain or lose water

Isotonic

The same water:solution ratio of a cell, good for animal cells, makes plant cells flaccid

Hypotonic

More water than solutes, cell gains water, plant cells turgid, animal cells burst

Cotransport

Active transport of one molecule is involved with the transport of another molecule

Sodium-potassium pump

Removes 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ and is electrogenic (changes shape based on energy)

Hypertonic

Less water than solutes, cells lose water, plant cells go into plasmolysis, animal cells shrivel up

Pinocytosis

Drinks extracellular fluid

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Binds ligands (binds to receptor site of other molecules) to receptors to form vesicles

Cell theory

All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, all cells came from previous cells

Endosymbiotic theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts came from bacteria cells because:

They have double membranes

They have circular DNA

They have ribosomes

They are autonomous