Modernization Key Terms Week 4-5

bourgeoisie

“people of the walled town'“ skilled artisans, shopkeepers, merchants, wealthy professionals and financiers —> dependent on growing money economy

estate system

status of an individual depended on one’s function in the working of the overall society
3 estates: Roman Catholic Church/clergy, political system of feudalism/nobility, economic institution of manorialism/common people

ethos

spiritual ethos of Christians w norms like obedience, piety, humility, generosity

feudalism

nobility exercised both land ownership and poltiical authority. military leaders rewarded chief allies and supporters fiefs (hereditary rights to control portions of territory) the grantor was the lord and recipient is a vassal, serfs worked on the land

fief

hereditary rights to control portions of territory

manorialism

self-sufficient localized agricultural system that organized the labor of the village community

national monarchies

local authority gave way to centralized authority in the person of the king or queen

nobility

noble status is generally inherited, purpose is military service and secular political authority. ex. dukes, princes (below kings), marquises, barons, counts, viscounts. women could also inherit feudal lands and privileges from men in their lives.

peasants

common people of the third estate, rural agricultural workers, legal and customary restrictions on their freedom/ however, third estate could be knighted and join nobility for extraordinary military service

regular clergy

people sworn in to follow the rule of a particular religious order. members could devote themselves to pious pursuits such as scholarship, education, and helping the poor. clergy had to take vow of celibacy

secular clergy

first estate divided into regular and secular clergy. lived in and interacted with secular world such as cardinals, bishops, other officials whose jurisdictions corresponded to geographic admin units. priests were included who served the face of the church. clergy had to take vow of celibacy

serf

between a slave to free laborer who were bound to traditional obligations to remain on the manor and work for the lord who served as their legal authority. required to work on the lords fields and perform services in exchange for protection and the right to farm.

systemic social change

chain reaction of changes in one aspect of society that led to changes in other aspects

vassal

recipient of land

authority

according to weber, authority is a person’s right to be believed and obeyed. can be traditional like a father’s authority, charismatic, due to expertise, rational-legal

power

ability to realize one’s will, even against resistance. the ability to make other people do things even if they don’t want to