Exam #1 Plant Sciences

Nucleus

contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities, (like the brain of the cell)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Path along where molecules, especially proteins, move from one part of the cell to another.

Ribosomes

amino acids hook together to make proteins here

Lysosomes

filled with digestive enzymes that can break down certain materials and help get rid of unwanted waste in the cell

Vacuoles

stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Golgi apparatus

helps make and package materials from the Endoplasmic reticulum to be transported out of the cell (like a post office)

Mitochondria

POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL!!! breaks down food to release energy through cellular respiration

Plastids

double membrane organelles which are found in the cells of plants and algae (chloroplast, chromoplast, amyoplast)

Chloroplast

captures energy from sunlight and uses it to make its own food

Chromoplast

colored plastid other than a chloroplast, typically containing yellow or orange pigment. does not perform photosynthesis, but is vital for attracting pollinators and aiding in seed dispersal. 

Amyloplast

colorless plant cell organelle, responsible for synthesizing and storing starch, converts glucose into starch. 

Cell wall

strong supporting layer around cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria

Cell membrane

thin flexible barrier around a cell; controls what enters and exits the cell

Cytosol

fluid component of the cytoplasm, exluding mitochondrial and microsomal fractions.

Cytoplasm

gel like material inside the cell that surrounds and protects organelles.

Mitosis

Cell division that results in duplicates of the parent cell. It produces two cells when complete. The cells maintain the same number of chromosomes. This process is for growth. 

Meiosis

Cell division that results in four cells that have ½ the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. The process starts with one diploid cell and results in 4 haploid cells; each haploid cell is a gamete. Gametes that are different are called egg and sperm. This process is for sexual reproduction.

is water organic?

NO.

water is a polar molecule. what does this mean?

it has a positive side and a negative side.

what is the purpose of water being a polar molecule?

the separation of negative and positive charges gives water special properties that allow life on earth to exist, such as adhesion, cohesion, capillarity.

adhesion

the property of water molecules to attract and stick to molecules of different substances

cohesion

the ability of water molecules to be attracted to and stick to one another due to hydrogen bonding

capillarity

waters ability to be held in interconnected pore spaces of a material, such as soil, by the surface tension and capillary forces that arise from adhesion and cohesion.

What is the proper term for farming?

Production Agriculture

What are the major careers in plant business?

Production, processing, marketing, and research

Production

To bring crops to a point at which they will command a price

Processing

to convert an agricultural commodity into marketable form by a special series of special steps

Marketing

the total of activities involved in the transfer of goods from the producer or seller to the consumer or buyer, including advertising, shipping, storing, and selling

Research

All efforts directed toward increased knowledge of natural phenomena and the environment and toward the solution of in all fields of science.This includes basic and applied research. Much of the agricultural productivity of the United States is directly the result of applying research

What is agronomy? What are possible career options?

The specialization of agriculture concerned with the theory and

practice of field-crop production and soil management. The

scientific management of land.Career examples: Farm equipment dealer,crop consultant, agronomist, seed sales representative.

What is arboriculture? What are possible career options?

The cultivation and management of trees, shrubs, and other woody plants for landscape and environmental purposes. Career examples include arborist, tree care specialist, tree surgeon, entomologist, and tree trimmer.

What is botany? What are possible career options?

The scientific study of plants, including their physiology, structure, growth, and taxonomy. Career options include botanist, plant pathologist, and taxonimist.

What is floriculture? What are possible career options?

The cultivation of plants for their flowers and ornamental purposes, focusing on flower production, breeding, and marketing. Career options include floral designer and advertising manager

What is forestry? What are possible career options?

The sciences, arts, and business practices of crating, conserving,
and managing natural resources on lands designated as forests. Career options include Us Forest Service Manager, national park ranger, or lumber grader.

What is horticulture? What are possible career options?

The science of agriculture that relates to the cultivation of gardens or orchards, including the growing of vegetables, fruits, flowers, and ornamental shrubs and trees. Career options include horticulture journalist and garden center manager/employee.

What is Landscape Management? What are possible career options?

To beautify terrain as with plantings of trees, shrubs, and
flowering herbs; with ornamental features, such as terraces, rock
gardens, bog gardens, pools, walks, drives, etc. Career options include landscape designer, sports turf manager, and interiorscape artistry.

What is a nursery? What are possible career options?

Any place where plants, shrubs, and trees are grown either for transplanting or as grafting stocks. Possible career options are greenhouse manager or soil scientist.

What is an orchard ? What are possible career options?

A piece of land dedicated to the cultivation of fruit or nut trees. Career options include orchard manager, aerial spray service technician, and fruit production specialist.

What are careers in environmental research?

Product development chemist, DNA technician, or plant geneticist

What do we use plants for ?

Medicine, Aesthetics, Biofuels, Fibers, and FOOD

What are examples of plants as medicine?

Plants like willow bark, used for pain relief, and digitalis, derived from foxglove for heart conditions, are notable examples.

What are examples of aesthetics derived from plants?

Aesthetics derived from plants include the use of flowers and greenery in landscaping, botanical art, and floral arrangements, like ferns, succulents, flowers, and wreaths.

What are examples of biofuel products from plants?

Examples of biofuel products from plants include ethanol produced from corn, biodiesel made from vegetable oils, and biogas obtained from organic plant materials.

What are examples of fiber products from plants?

Examples of fiber products from plants include cotton used in clothing, hemp for textiles, and jute for ropes and mats.

What are examples of food products from plants?

Examples of food products from plants include fruits like apples and bananas, vegetables such as carrots and spinach, and grains like rice and wheat.

How do you know that a molecule is an “organic molecule”?

A molecule is considered an if it contains carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms.

What are the four major classes of organic molecules?

Carbohydrates - CHO, sugars and starches and cellulose, quick energy source, glucose is C6H12O6

Lipid - CHO, fats oils waxes, long term energy storage,

Protein - CHO and Nitrogen, made of amino acids, structural material and functional material (enzymes)

Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA

What is the chemical formula for water?

H2O, consisting of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom.

What four components make up the whole soil?

Mineral particles (45%), organic matter (5%), water (25%), and air (25%)

What are characteristics of sand and it’s attributes to soil?

Size : 0.05 – 2.00 mm
• Round shape
• Feels gritty
 Attributes to Soil
• Adds porosity
• Reduces water holding capacity

What are characteristics of silt and it’s attributes to soil?

Size: 0.002 – 0.05 mm
• Round shape – but very small to detect
• Feel smooth but does not stick together very
well
Attributes to Soil
• Moderately good for porosity
• Helps water holding capacity

What are characteristics of clay and it’s attributes to soil?

Size: Less than .002 mm

• Flat or platy

• Sticky when wet – ribbon test

Attributes to soil

• Bad for porosity

• Ties up water so plants can’t use it

What is loam, and how does it perform growing plants?

A soil that is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay is
called “         .”
-  Loam soils are optimal soils for growing plants.

What two principles define soil and water relationships?

• Permeability rate – how quickly water moves
  through soil

• Water holding capacity – how much water is
  retained by soil particles

What does permeability depend on ?

Texture, Structure, Organic Matter (Porosity)

What is the relationship of Soil & Water and what two principles define this relationship?

Permeability rate – how quickly water moves
through soil
Water holding capacity – how much water is
retained by soil particles

What does porosity depend on ?

Pores in the soil are created by:

• Roots and other organic matter (i.e., decaying
  substances)

• Animals, such as worms and rodents

• Soil particle size and “fit”

Permeability Rate

Water Holding Capacity

Types of Soil Water

• Available water is free to plants for use.

• Unavailable water is held too tightly by clay
  particles and surface tension.

• Saturated soils have excess water that will run
  off increasing erosion concerns.

What are the essential elements in soil?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What are the macronutrients of soil?

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur, which are essential for plant growth.

What are the micronutrients (trace) of Soil?

Boron, Chlorine, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, and Zinc

What are essential atmospheric elements for soil?

• Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )

• Water (H2 O)

•  Glucose (C6 H126 )

What are the subcategories of Plant Nutrients?

• Primary- required in the highest levels

• Secondary - required in lower levels

What are the primary Macronutrients?

• Nitrogen (N)

• Phosphorus (P)

• Potassium (K)

Make up the first values of a fertilizer analysis,
expressed as N-P-K

How does Nitrogen impact plants?

• Present in chlorophyll

• Increases vegetative growth

Deficiency symptoms:

• Stunted growth

• Pale yellow color

• Yellow color “fires” from the bottom

• of the plant to the top

How does Phosphorous impact plants?

• Responsible for early plant growth’

• Reproduction

Deficiency symptoms:
• Reddish coloring on the underside
of leaves
• Low quantity flowers and fruits
• Weak and spindly growth

How does Potassium impact plants ?

• Involved with photosynthesis, primarily sugar
  transformation

Deficiency symptoms:
• Slow growth
• Brown leaf tips and leaf margins
• Poor fruit and seed quality

What are the secondary macronutrients in soil?

• Calcium (Ca)

• Magnesium (Mg)

• Sulfur (S)

Required in smaller amounts than primary nutrients,

but still needed in ample quantities

What are secondary nutrients uses?

• Sulfur

  • Amino acids

  • enzyme production

  • chlorophyll formation

• Magnesium

  • Produces chlorophyll

  • Regulates plant nutrient metabolism

• Calcium

  • Cell division and formation

  • Cell walls and membranes

    

What are some sources of plant nutrients?

• Organic substances

• Legumes

  • Examples: peanuts, soybeans, and vetch
    Legumes “fix” nitrogen.
    • Improve nitrogen content of the soil.
    • Most other crops deplete nitrogen.
    • Often rotated with nitrogen-depleting crops.

• Chemical fertilizers

  • Manufactured fertilizers (come in forms like dry, liquid, water soluble)

  • Inorganic compounds concentrate desired nutrients

    

Organic substances come in forms such as ?

Examples: manure, sludge, and compost
• Manure contains nutrients in varying amounts.
• Sludge is processed human waste.
• Composting raises organic matter content and
destroys pathogens.

What do the numbers on a bag of fertilizer mean (ex. 10-20-10)?

• 10% elemental nitrogen
• 20% phosphate (P 2 O 5 )
• 10% potash (K 2 O)

How much nitrogen is in a 100 lb. bag of 15-16-

17 fertilizer?

15% x 100 = .15 x 100 = 15 lbs.This means there are 15 pounds of nitrogen in a 100 lb. bag of 15-16-17 fertilizer.

How many pounds of fertilizer do you need to
apply in order to get enough nutrients for a plant? (Formula)

You want to add fertilizer to a family member’s yard.
 They have 1000 square feet of lawn
 Recommended nitrogen application is 1 lb /1000 sq. ft.
 You have 16-16-16 fertilizer
How much nitrogen fertilizer should you apply?

How are dry fertilizers expressed vs. liquid or water-soluble fertilizers?

• Dry fertilizers are expressed in weight
  measurements

• Liquid or water-soluble fertilizers are expressed
  in parts per million (ppm)

Why does a 100 lb bag of 20-20-20 cost twice as much as a
100 lb bag of 10-10-10?

Nutrient content is based on percentage, 20-20-20 has twice as

much nutrient value as 10-10-10.

What is pH?

the measure of acidity or alkalinity in a soil, based on

the balance of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-)

What is acid?

A substance with a pH value less than 7.0; caused by a

higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)

What is alkaline?

substance with a pH value greater than 7.0; caused

by a higher concentration of hydroxyl ions (OH-).

How do you identify pH on a pH scale?

Measured on a scale of 0 - 14.
7.0 is neutral.
Each pH point multiplies the pH
factor by 10.
For example a pH of 5.0 is:
• 10 times more acidic than pH 6.0
• 100 times more acidic than pH 7.0.

Why does soil pH matter?

Soil pH is important to horticulturalists and crop

producers because of its influence of nutrient

availability in the soil.

• At the ideal soil pH level, plants can uptake soil

nutrients required for growth and health.

• Certain soil nutrients become unavailable at different

pH levels.

(The wider the bar the more available the

nutrient is to the plant)

What are some ways soil pH be altered?

• Low pH levels in soil can be changed by adding a buffer, such as lime to the soil. Lime raises soil pH to a more acceptable level.

• Soil pH can also be lowered by adding sulfur compounds to the soil.

What trace nutrients play a role in photosynthesis?

• Copper

• Iron

• Manganese

• Zinc

What trace nutrients play a role in photosynthesis?

The following micronutrients influence the reaction of
enzymes needed for plant metabolism and function.
• Copper
• Manganese
• Molybdenum
• Nickel
• Zinc

What trace nutrients affect cell development in cells?

• Boron

• Iron

• Zinc

What micronutrients aid in the translocation of

substances within plants?

• Boron – sugar translocation
  Iron – oxygen translocation

Some micronutrients are responsible for interaction with
metabolism and use of other elements

• Boron – nitrogen
• Chlorine – phosphorus uptake
• Manganese – phosphorus & calcium availability
• Molybdenum – nitrogen & phosphorus uptake
• Nickel – nitrogen metabolism and fixation

What micronutrients effect the maturity rate of plants?

• Boron

• Chlorine

• Copper

What are other functions of Boron, Copper, and Nickel?

What are some soil-less growing medias?

• Perlite: white hard material with many air holes.  Helps aeration.

• Vermiculite: mined material that is in many layers, helps with water retention and some nutrients. Looks silvery in light.

• Peat (sphagnum) moss: organic material made from a dead moss.  Very good for water retention. Looks brown in color.

• Potting mix or potting ‘soil’ - not a mineral soil but is composed of perlite, vermiculite and peat moss.