AP Psychology (Myers) Unit 12

psychological disorder

deviant, distressful, & disfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

ADHD-attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

psychological disorder marked by the appearence by age 7 of 1+/3 symptoms including extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

-commonly overdiagnosed when child is overly rambunctious and increased awareness of disorder

-diagnosed 2-3x more in boys

medical model

concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and usually cured through hospital treatments.

DSM-IV-TR

American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

bio-psycho-social approach to disorders

-recognizes that mind and body are inseperable

-nature/nurture

psychotic disorders

psychological disorder in which the person loses contact with reality and experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

Axis's for diagnosing psychological disorders

Axis I= Is a Clinical Syndrome present? (largest)

Axis II= Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?

Axis III=Is a General Medical Condition also present?

Axis IV= Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems also present?

Axis V= What is the Global Assessment of this person's functioning?

DSM of human strengths

Seeking to understand and help alleviate human ills and evils, but also to understand and promote human strengths and virtues.

Labels

-can serve as self-fulfilling prophecies (-)

-can offer something to judge people on (-)

-mental health professionals can use to communicate about cases, comprehend underlying causes, and discern effective treatment programs.

anxiety disorder

psychological disorder characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety, or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

generalized anxiety disorder

anxiety disorder where person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

panic disorder

anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minute(s)-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other sensations.

phobia

anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

-agoraphobia=fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable

OCD-obsessive compulsive disorder

anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

PTSD-post-traumatic stress disorder

anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and insomia lingering for more than 4 weeks after experience.

post-traumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crisis.

stimulus generalization

fear one thing due to an experience and develop fear for all things similar (learning perspective)

reinforcment

avoiding/escaping a feared situation and anxiety is reduced, thus reinforcing fear.

somatoform disorder

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (body) form without apparent physical cause.

conversion disorder

rare somatoform disorder in which person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

hypochondriasis

somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

dissociative disorder

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes seperated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

DID- dissociative identity disorder

rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities.

mood disorder

psychological disorder characterized by emotional extremes.

major depressive disorder

mood disorder in which a person experiences 2 or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

mania

mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

bipolar disorder

mood disorder in which the person alternates between hoplessnesss and lethargy of depression and overexcited state of mania.

norepinephrine

neurotransmitter that increases arousal and boosts mood but scarce during depression and overabundant during mania.Having to do with mood disorders

serotonin

a neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood. lower than normal levels in depressed people

cycle of depressed thinking

1) negative/stressful events interpreted through 2) a pessimistic explanatory style create 3) a hopeless/depressed state that 4) hampers the way the person thinks and acts which in turn fuels 1) negative, stressful experiences like rejection.

schizophrenia

"split mind"- group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

-excess of dopamine receptors (overactivity)

-chronic-process of developing or acute-reactive suddenly there

-fetal-virus increases odd of child getting and no environ. factors can randomly produce if no one related to that person never had

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

schizophrenic selective attention

irrelevant, minute stimuli, distract attention. hard to give undivided attention because cannot filter out other sensory stimuli.

hallucinations

sensory experiences without sensory stimuli, or seeing, feeling, tasting, and smelling things that are not actually there.

flat effect

lapse of emotionless state in schizophrenic's

catatonia

motionless for hours on end then become agitated. schizophrenia

paranoid

preoccuped with hallucinations or delusions, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity. schizophrenia

disorganized

jumbled speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. schizophrenia

undifferentiated

many and varied symptoms of schizophrenia

residual

withdrawal, after hallucinations or delusions have dissapeared in schizophrenic's

personality disorder

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

avoidant personality disorder

personality disorder in which the person's fears of rejection by others leads to social isolation

schiziod personality disorder

odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclusivity, and a lack of humor usually do not date or marry

histrionic personality disorder

personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

narcissistic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist