CLCIV 101 Final Review

Images, places, dates, etc

Alexander of Macedon

356-323 BCE

Student of Aristotle (Mieza), young leader that had humongous empire, died and left his empire to the “strongest,” born in Pella, Macedon. Created the city of Alexandria which was know for its science and overall scholarship that rivaled Athens. He was epic.

Thucydides

460 - 395 BCE

Athenian general and historian. He wanted his history to be an accurate portrayal of the Peloponnesian war and the events leading up to it and wanted his history to be useful for the future.

Pericles (495 - 429 BCE)

this specific bust is from 440 BCE

Athenian general that the people kept re-electing over and over again (he was there lebron). He rebuilt the Acropolis (447) and advised Athens on countless of military and political things. He basically predicted how the first 10 years of the Pelop. war would go and he was pretty much right. He did not predict the plague that would take his life.

Book 1 of The History of the Peloponnesian War

479 - 431 BCE

Thucydides goes over the increasing tensions because Athens and Sparta. They were allies during the Persian Wars, but right after that they became enemies again. During this era Sparta forms the Peloponnesian League, has a semi-democratic-ish system, and is very militaristically focused. Athens in the opposite, they create the first ever democracy, have equal rights, are a sea power, and form the Delian league. They are becoming opps fr.

Perioikoi

These were non-citizens of Sparta. They were free, but they weren’t apart of the very small Spartan class

Helots

Sparta’s slave

Metics

Resident aliens in athens. You had to be born in athens and have two athenian parents to be considered a real citizen. Regardless of this rule people kept moving to athens because it was boss.

Euripides

485 - 406

He wrote the Bacchae. He was a bit funky while alive and the people didn’t vibe with him until after his death.

Dionysus red figure painting

c. 490

This is from somewhere (idk chat) and it is a painting of Dionysus who had a cult and his own festival! Basically the significance and importance is because of the Bacchae

Aristotle

384 - 323 BCE

He was a student of Plato, but rejected Platos theory of forms. After Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and eventually ended up teaching Alexander in Mieza, Macedon. Then after Alexander died he had to leave Athens again. Its a tough life for smart ppl fr.

Athenian Democracy

No experts, no parties, no money in politics, no state bureaucracy

Everyone was expected to participate

People were elected by lottery

They were very suspicious of corruption

Advantages of Athens Democracy

Popular control of decisions

All citizens (male) empowered to vote

All officials held accountable

Weaknesses of Athens Democracy

It requires intelligence to run efficiently, but anyone could be elected

Better speakers could win even if the other argument is better

Demagogues: told people only what they want to hear so they get elected

Pericles Funeral Oration

431 BCE

This is from Thucydides History. Basically Pericles is glazing Athens and why its so great. He wants people to remember how unique it is and why it needs to be defended. He is encouraging the citizens to keep being brave and fighting for Athens

Peloponnesian War

431 - 404 BCE

First 10 years - Athens keeps doing sea raids (what they are good at) and Sparta does land invasions (what they are good at). Athens has a plague and Pericles dies, then they are kind of scrambling for good leaders.

Mytilene Debates

427 BCE

Mytilne revolts against Athens. They Cleon and Diodotus debate whether of not they should kill all of the Mytilenians. Basically they had already decided to kill them, but then Cleon has to go and convince the athenians that they should continue doing that. Diodotus says they shouldn’t. Both are gaslighting in there debate and Diodotus narrowly wins. I think they end up all dying anyway because word didn’t get there in time

421 BCE

Nicias is pushing for peace but Alcibiades is not. Alcibiades is a playboy that is always looking for attention and the people of athens give it to him

417

idk if we need to know this but this is when Alcibiades irrationally leads the Athenians in a march against sparta in Mantinea and they lose obviously. It kinda shows how Athens was starting to flop because bad people were getting power

Attack of Syracuse

415 BCE

Alcibiades pushes for this like crazy because he thinks it will expend the empire a bunch and they will get more money. Nicias does not want this!! Anyway Athens votes for both of them to lead the attack together… Alcibiades gets arrested and then Nicias has to lead the attack by himself even though he doesn’t want to. They get smacked and eventually the Syracusans absolutely massacre them. Turning point in war because Athens is really flopping now.

415 BCE

These are Herms from Athens that end up getting mutilated before they were going to attack Syracuse. This caused people to think it was a bad omen for the expedition and Alcabiades gets blamed. They dont know who actually did it.

Alcibiades

450-404 BCE

i’ve already talked about him in other parts so just know him

404 BCE

End of war

Athens surrenders cuz they suck and are subjected to sparta

Melian Dialogue

416

Athens attacks Melos. In the dialogue some Melians meet with some Athenian representatives and are like please don’t take us over we would like to just live on our own. Athens is like you either join us or we use force and attack you. Melos is like okay bet lets fight and they do and Melos obviously gets crushed. This is significant because it shows how increasingly imperialistic Athens was getting.

The Clouds

423 BCE

Written by Aristophanes (445 - 387 BCE)

Critiques the new version of education

Main characters: Strepsiades (dad), Pheidippides (son), Socrates, Right and Wrong

This is evidence of a relgious crisis in Athens (a clash between, science, philosophy, and religion)

This image just kept coming up in the slides and I think is supposed to show how Athens is becoming a center for education

Plato - Athens

427 - 347 BCE

Theory of Forms

Student of Socrates

Forms the Plato Academy

Socrates

469 - 399 BCE

You should already know what you need to know about this guy

Apology (399) - recounted by Plato. In Socrates defense while he was on trial he basically doesn’t do much to make himself look better. He explains that he never taught for money, always fought for Athens, and that he didn’t do anything wrong. He was being charged for believing in other gods than what the city believes, and for corrupting the youth. Miletus was the main guy charging him. People do not take his side and he dies by poison.

333

Battle of Issus

Alexander defeats King Darius III in a decisive victory. Basically shows that Persian power is declining.

Aristotle (again)

384 - 222

Had so many contribution so I thought he should have another thing because he got the last lecture to himself. He was a political scientist, studied ethics, and found philosophical reasoning for things that were called common sense.

The Bacchae

406 BCE

Dionysus comes to Thebes because he wants to be respected. He takes over the women and forces them to be in his cult. King Pentheus is very upset at this and eventually gets killed by his mom (Agave) while he was trying to observe her. She thought she was killing a lion. Agave gets exiled and Cadmus turns to a snake.