Exam 4 Social Psychology

studied byStudied by 76 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

Altruism

1 / 60

flashcard set

Earn XP

61 Terms

1

Altruism

Motive to increase another's welfare with out conscious regard for own self-interest. Is a function of self-interest and empathy

New cards
2

Social Exchange Theory, Social Norms Theory, Evolution Psychology Theory

What are the 3 Theories of Helping?

New cards
3

Social Exchange Theory

The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs. -Believes helping is egotistical not altruistic -Psychological explanation

New cards
4

External or internal

Rewards for helping can be -------(acknowledgment for helping) or --------(increase in positive emotions).

New cards
5

Facts under the Social Exchange Theory

-guilt can lead to prosocial behavior -helping others leads to less depression -sadness about someone else's situation leads to more helping -self-focused sadness leads to less helping -helping other leads to a boost in self-esteem

New cards
6

Social Norms Theory

The theory that we help because it is the right thing to do. -Sociological explanation

New cards
7

Feel-Bad/Do Good

We are eager to do good after doing bad. This reflects our need to reduce private guilt, restore a shaken self-image, and reclaim a positive public image. -Exceptions to this phenomenon include profound grief or a negative mood such as anger

New cards
8

Feel Good, Do Good

The idea that happy people are helpful people

New cards
9

Reciprocity Norm and Social Responsibility Norm

What are 2 important social norms?

New cards
10

Reciprocity norm

People will help those who have helped them which promotes social capital.

New cards
11

Social capital

The mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network

New cards
12

Social responsibility norm

Help those who cannot help themselves without any feelings of reciprocity. -attributions one makes about the help they need influences willingness to help (less likely to help if you attribute to their disposition, but more likely to help if you attribute to the situation)

New cards
13

Evolution Psychology Theory

Theory that believes the most important thing that governs behavior is gene survival. -Biological explanation

New cards
14

Kin selection

The idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes

New cards
15

Kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, groups

What are the 4 Evolutionary Strategies for Cooperation?

New cards
16

Indirect reciprocity

I'll help you, you help a member, they'll help me

New cards
17

Direct reciprocity

Help to expect help -----> gene survival

New cards
18

Group selection

helpful groups leads to survival and in-group favoritism

New cards
19

Empathy

The vicarious experience of another's feelings; putting oneself in another's shoes

New cards
20

Egoism

Behavior focused on increasing one's own welfare

New cards
21

Genuine altruism

-The vicarious experience of another's feelings that exists only with empathy -Seeing suffering leads to distress -Own distress reduced by avoidance(egoism) or helping and empathy(altruism)

New cards
22

Yes

Do psychologist believe helping can be both egoistic and empathetic?

New cards
23

Situational, internal, and external influences

What are 3 factors that affect when we will help?

New cards
24

Situational Influences

-Number of bystanders ~notice situation, interpret, others must not be alarmed (conformity), and assume responsibility ~you take social cues from others on whether or not to help/is something is an emergency -Help when someone else does (human behavior is contagious) -Time pressure: less likely to help if under time pressure -Similarity: tend to help those we perceive as similar to ourselves

New cards
25

Bystander effect

The finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders

New cards
26

Internal Influences

-Negative mood (guilt) -Other-focused sympathy -Personality traits: emotionality, empathy, self-efficacy -High self monitors: help if helping leads to social rewards

New cards
27

External Influences

Social norms/# of bystanders

New cards
28

Moral exclusion

Omitting certain people from one's circle of moral concern. Justifies harm from discrimination to genocide.

New cards
29

Women

Who is more likely to help in safe situations?

New cards
30

Men

Who is more likely to help in dangerous situations?

New cards
31

Yes

Do women give help equally?

New cards
32

Women

Who do men help most?

New cards
33

Facts about how to increase help

Undo the restraints on helping behavior -Reduce ambiguity/increase responsibility -Personalized appeals (name tags, eye contact, camera) -Enable guilt and concern for self- image Socialize Altruism -Teach moral inclusion -Model altruism -Learn by doing -Attribute altruistic behavior to altruism -Learn and teach more about altruism

New cards
34

Undo the restraints on helping behavior and socialize altruism

What are 2 ways to increase helping?

New cards
35

High religiosity

What leads to long term sustained helping and donations?

New cards
36

Misinformation Effect

Incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it

New cards
37

Reactance

A motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom. This arises when someone threatens our freedom of action. -Example: a child eating as many cupcakes as they can simply because their parent told them that they shouldn't eat so many

New cards
38

Retelling

------- the story strengthens one's commitment to recollection and strengthens one's confidence in memory accuracy

New cards
39

Strategies for reducing eyewitness errors

-Train police interviews -Allow witnesses to give uninterrupted account of all that come to mind -Have witnesses visualize the scene/event and what they were thinking/feeling -Use open-ended questions -Minimize false lineup identifications -Frame questions without hidden presumption (did you see THE stop sign vs. did you see A stop sign -Educate jurors about pitfalls of eyewitness testimony

New cards
40

How to minimize false lineup identifications

-Have witnesses give a yes or no to a sequence of people/photos -State that the perpetrator may not be in the lineup -Lineup with no suspect; one suspect and several innocent people -Use a one-person lineup

New cards
41

The misinformation effect and retelling

What are 2 reasons for eyewitness inaccuracy?

New cards
42

The defendant's characteristics and the judge's instructions

What are 2 influences on jurors' judgements?

New cards
43

The defendant's characteristics

-Physical attractiveness (more attractive defendants are less likely to be found guilty and receive lighter sentences)(unattractive are more likely to get death penalty vs. life in. prison) -Similarity to the jurors (similarity leads to liking which leads to shorter sentences and less convictions) -African Americans over punished as defendants and undervalued as victims

New cards
44

The judge's instructions

-Ignore inadmissible evidence -If inadmissible info is emotional, it's harder to disregard -Pretrial publicity can also be hard to disregard -Additional influences: the severity of the potential sentence

New cards
45

What influences individual jurors?

-Juror comprehension/understanding -Jury Selections -"Death Qualified" jurors

New cards
46

Juror Comprehension/understanding

-Evidence understood if in narrative -Have judges instruction given in English -Give jurors a transcript

New cards
47

Jury Selection

Each side wants jurors who are sympathetic to its side

New cards
48

"Death Qualified" jurors

-Don't oppose death penalty -More likely to convict -Less concerned with defendants rights -Likely to view criminal justice system as too soft -More prone to prosecution vs. defense -Tend to be authoritarian and feel contempt of lower status folk

New cards
49

No

Do states with the death penalty have lower homicides?

New cards
50

Executing a prisoner

What costs more money: executing a prisoner or life in prison?

New cards
51

Determine guilt and determine the penalty

What are the 2 parts of a death penalty case?

New cards
52

Minority influence, informational/normative influence, and group polarization

How do group influences affect jurors?

New cards
53

Minority influence

Must be persuasive, consistent, persistent, and self-confident (jurors)

New cards
54

Informational influence

Accept members perceptions to be right

New cards
55

Normative Influence

Accept members perceptions to be liked

New cards
56

Group polarization

-Deliberation may make initial positions stronger -The longer the deliberation, the more likely the verdict will be not guilty -When minority prevails, its usually acquittal (the accused is free from the charge of the offense) -When majority prevails, usually conviction -When the judge and jury disagrees, judge usually wants convictions

New cards
57

12 jurors

-Groups collectively recall info better than individually -Greater chance of diversity -Deliberation tends to reduce individual biases -Reduces consideration of inadmissible evidence (evidence that cannot be used in court to prove a fact at issue in the case)

New cards
58

6 jurors

-Less chance of diversity -Split 10-2 is not the same as a 5-1

New cards
59

Simulated vs. real juries

-Most social psychologists research using mock juries -Caution must be used generalizing findings to actual court rooms, particularly for death penalty cases

New cards
60

No

When states dropped the death penalty, did homicides rise?

New cards
61

No

When states initiated the death penalty, did homicide rates rise?

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 230 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 14 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3424 people
... ago
4.7(19)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (26)
studied byStudied by 30 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (21)
studied byStudied by 61 people
... ago
4.5(2)
flashcards Flashcard (22)
studied byStudied by 24 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (57)
studied byStudied by 36 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (177)
studied byStudied by 10 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (47)
studied byStudied by 14 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (53)
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (132)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
robot