Radiography Test One (Med term ch 1-4 BR 1a)

The lowest level of the structural organization of the human body is the:

Cell

The four types of tissues in the human body are:

1. epithelial

2. nervous

3. muscle

4. connective

List the 10 systems of the human body

1. reproductive

2. integumetary

3. circulatory

4. nervous

5. muscle

6. skeletal

7. digestive

8. urinary

9. endocrine

10. respiratory

What system eliminates solid waste from the body?

digestive system

What system regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and volume?

urinary system

What system maintains posture?

muscular system

What system regulates body activities with electrical pulses?

nervous system

What system regulates body activities with hormones?

endocrine system

What system receives stimuli, such as temperature, pressure, and pain?

integumentary system

What system reproduces the organism?

reproductive system

What system regulates body temperature?

circulatory system

What system supports and protects many soft tissues of the body?

skeletal system

True/False: One of the six functions of the circulatory system is to protect against disease.

true

Which of the following body systems synthesizes vitamin D and other biochemicals?

Integumentary system

What is the largest organ system in the body?

integumentary system

List two divisions of the human body:

1. axial

2. appendicular

True/False: The adult skeleton system contains 256 separate bones

False; 206

True/False: The scapula is part of the axial skeleton

False; appendicular

True/False: The pelvic girdle is part of the appendicular skeleton

True.

True/False: The skull is part of the axial skeleton

True.

List the four classifications of bones

long, short, flat, irregular

The outer covering of a bone, which is composed of a dense, fibrous membrane, is called what?

Periosteum

Which aspect of long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells?

medullary aspect

Which aspect of the long bone is essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition?

Periosteum

Primary growth center

diaphysis (body)

Secondary growth center

epiphysis (ends)

True/False: Epiphyseal fusion of the long bones is complete by the age of 16 years.

False- 20-25 years

The ____________ is the wider portion of a long bone in which bone growth length occurs.

Metaphysis

3 functional classifications of joints

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

List the 3 structural classifications of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Fibrous joint examples

roots around teeth, skull sutures, distal tibiofibular joint

Cartiloginous joint examples

epiphyses, interverbal disk space, symphysis pubis

Synovial joint examples

first carpometacarpal of thumb, proximal radioulnar joint, interphalangeal joints, hip joint

7 different types of movement for synovial joints?

1. plane/gliding joints

2. ginglymus/hinge joints

3. Pivot/trochoid joints

4. ellipsoid/condylar joints

5. saddle/sellar joints

6. Ball and socket/spheroidal joints

7. bicondylar joints

first carpometacarpal joint

example of saddle joint

elbow joint

example of ginglymus joint

shoulder joint

ball and socket joint

intercarpal joint

plane joint

wrist joint

ellipsoid joint

temporomandibular joint

bicondylar joint

first and second cervical vertebrae

pivot joint

second interphalangeal joint

ginglymus joint

distal radioulnar joint

pivot joint

ankle joint

Saddle (sellar) joint

knee joint

Bicondylar

third metacarpophalangeal joint

ellipsoidal joint

The build, physique, and genreal shape of the body are defined as:

Body habitus

Which of the following body-types make up 50% of the population?

Sthenic

Which of the following body types make up 35% of the population?

hyposthenic

The image receptor for a hypersthenic adult chest exam should be placed:

Landscape

True/False: Approximately 5% of the population is classified as hypersthenic.

True.

True/False: the term asthenic is only applied to a pediatric (child) patient.

False.

A ___________ is an image of a patient's anatomic parts as produced by the actions of x-rays on an image receptor.

Radiograph

The ___________ is the aspect of an x-ray beam that has the least divergence (unless there is angulation).

Central ray.

An upright position with the arms abducted, palms forward, and head forward describes the _____ position.

anatomical

The vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left parts

Mid-Saggital

The vertical plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts is the _________ plane.

Coronal

A plane taken at right angles along any point of the longitudinal axiss of the body is the _________ plane.

Axial.

True/False: The base plane of the skull is a transverse plane located between the infraorbital margin of the orbitus and the superior margin of the external auditory meatus (EAM).

True

True/False: The Frankfort horizontal plane is also referred to as the occlusal plane.

False; Base plane

The direction or path of the central ray defines the following positioning term:

Projection

The positioning term that describes the general and specific body position is:

Position

True/False: Oblique body and lateral positions are described according to the side of the body closest to the image receptor.

True

True/False: Decubitus positions always use a horizontal x-ray beam.

True

What is the name of the position in which the body is turned 90 degrees from a true anteroposterior (AP) or posteroanterior (PA) projection.

Lateral

Situation: A patient is erect with the back to the IR. The left side of the body is turned 45 degrees toward the IR. What is this position?

LPO

Situation: A patient is recumbent facing the IR. The right side of the body is turned 15 degrees toward the IR. What is this position?

Recumbent RAO

Situation: The patient is lying on his back. The x-ray beam is directed horizontally and enters the right side and exits the left side of the of the body. An IR is placed against the left side of the patient, What position is this?

Dorsal decubitus L lateral

Situation: The patient is erect with the right side of the body against the IR. The x-ray beam enters the left side and exits the right side of the body. What position is this?

R lateral

Situation: A patient on a cart is lying on the left side. The x-ray beam is directed horizontally and enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior aspect of the body. The IR is against the anterior surface. What position is this?

R lateral decubitus (PA projection)

Palm of the hand

palmar

lying on back, facing upward

supine

an upright position

erect

Lying in any position

recumbent

Front half of the patient

anterior

Top or anterior surface of the foot

dorsum pedis

Position in which the head is higher than the foot

Fowler

Posterior aspect of the foot

plantar

Position in which the head is lower than the feet

Trendelenburg

Back half of the patient

posterior

What is the name of the projection in ehich the CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface?

AP

A projection using a CR angle of x greaer than or less than 10 degrees directed parallel along the long axis of the body or body part is termed an _______ projection

axial

The specific position that demonstrates the apices of the lungs, without superimposition of the clavicles is termed a _________.

AP lordotic

True/False: Radiographic view is not a correct positioning term in the US.

True.

True/False: The term varus describes the bending of a psrt outward.

False.

Projection Examples

1. Anteroposterior

2. Trangential

3. Inferiorsuperior axial

Position Examples

1. Prone

2. Trendelenburg

3. LPO

4. LLateral Chest

5. Mediolateral ankle

6. Lordotic

7. Llateral decubitus

Opposite of extension

flexion

Oppostie of ulnar deviation

radial deviation

Opposite of dorsiflexion

plantar flexion

Opposite of eversion

inversion

Opposite of lateral rotation

medial rotation

Opposite of abduction

adduction

Oppostite of supination

Pronation

Opposite of retraction

protraction

Opposite of depression

elevation

Near the source or beginning

proximal

On the opposite side

contralateral

Toward the center

Medial

Toward the head end of the body

Cephalad or superior