DDS LEC

are mixtures of finely divided drugs and/ or chemicals in a dry form which may be intended for internal or external use

powders

what are the advanages of powders?

rapid dispersion of ingredients

flexibility in compounding

good chemical stability

What are the disadvantages of powders?

inaccuracy of dose

not suitable for unpleasant-tasting, deliquescent and hygroscopic drugs

pertains to the no. of square openings per linear inch

sieve number

sieve number for very coarse powders

no. 8

sieve number for coarse products

no. 20

sieve number for moderately coarse powders

no. 40

sieve number for fine powders

no. 60

sieve number for very fine powders

no. 80

What are the diferrent techniques of compounding powders?

Comminution

Mixing/Blending

Technique of comminution of powders in which a mortar and pestle is used

Trituration

Technique of comminution of powders in which there is a forming of a paste by the additon of a levigating agent (mineral oil, glycerin)

Levigation

Technique of comminution of powders for preparations which are difficult to crush; there is an addition of volatile substance to a gummy material

Pulverization by intervention

Technique of mixing/blending powders in which uses a mortar and pestile

Trituration

A type of mortar and pestle that has a smooth non-porous surface; for simple admixture; for chemicals that stain.

Glass

A type of mortar and pestle that has a rough inner surface; for comminution

Porcelain

A type of mortar and pestle that has a rougher surface; for crystalline substances

Wedgewood

Technique of mixing/blending powders in which involves blending of powders with a spatula on a tile or paper

Spatulation

Technique of mixing/blending powders that is for small quantities, non-potent drugs, eutectic mixtures

Spatulation

Technique of mixing/blending powders that involves powders being passed through sifters; resulting in light fluffy product

Sifitng

Technique of mixing/blending powders that is not used for potent substances

Sifting

Technique of mixing/blending powders that involves the addition of an equal volume of diluent to a potent substance placed in a mortar

Geometric Dilution

Technique of mixing/blending powders that involves large containers rotated by a motorized proces

Tumbling

A type of powder dispensed in large quantities

Bulk powders

A type of bulk powder in which it is dissolved in water prior to use, or mixed with soft food

Oral Powders

A type of bulk powder that is used to clean and polish teeth; contain a soap, mild abrasive and anticariogenic agent

Dentrifices

A type of bulk powder that are locally applied non-toxic powders that have no systemic action (e.g. cornstarch)

Dusting Powders

A type of bulk powder that are dissolved in warm water prior to introduction into a body cavity; for cleaning and act as antiseptic

Douche Powders

A type of bulk powder that is blown into body cavities using an insufflator

Insufflations

A type of bulk powder that are dilutions of potent powdered drugs (10%) API

Trituration

A type of powder dispensed in individual doses usually in folded papers; utilizes block-and-divide method

Divided Powders/Chartulae

A type of powder paper that is opaque with no moisture resistance

White Bond Paper

A type of powder paper that is thin, semi-opaque, and moisture resistant

Vegetable Parchment

A type of powder paper that is for light sensitive powders

Vegetable Parchment

A type of powder paper that is glazed transparent and moisture-resistant

Glassine Paper

A type of powder paper that is transparent and waterproof; suitable for deliquescent and hygroscopic drug

Waxed paper

are dry aggregates of powder particles

Granules

Normal Granules pass through sieve numbers _________ to ___

4 to 12

Granules for tablet formation need to pass through sieve no. _____ to _____

12 to 20

What are the advantages of Granules over Powder

Flow well compared to powders

Less tendency to cake or harden

More stable to humidity

More easily wetted by liquids

Method of compounding granules that involves the addition of granulating fluid or liquid binder; most common

Wet granulation

Method of compounding granules that is for moisture-sensitive and heat labile materials; use compaction/ compression forces; involves slugging or roller compactor

Dry granulation

Are granules that are dissolved in water before use in which CO2 gas is released to mask the unpleasant taste of drug

Effervescent granules

What are the components of effervescent granules

Sodium bicarbonate

Citric acid

Tartaric acid

Method of preparation of effervescent granules that involves a binder that is 1 molecule of water in citric acid; has a soft or spongy consistency

Dry/Fusion Method

Method of preparation of effervescent granules that involves binder that is water + alcohol

Wet method

almost 50% of drugs are in this form; solid dosage forms which are prepared mainly by compression or molding

Tablets

What are the advantages of tablets:

uniform content

less manufacturing cost

easy to package and ship

simple to identify

most stable of all oral dosage form

tamperproof

What are the disadvantages of tablets:

some drugs resist compression

some drugs that require encapsulation prior to compression

A type of tablet that is formed by compression; some are scored

Compressed Tablets

A type of tablet formed by compressing 2 or 3 layers of formulation against each other (ex. Neozep tablet)

Layered tablets

A type of tablet formed by compressing an outer shell around a tablet core

Compression coated tablets

A type of tablet coated with sucrose-based solution

Sugar coated tablets

A type of tablet coated with a thin layer of polymer material

Film coated tablets

A type of tablet that remain intact in the stomach but disintegrate in the small intestine

Enteric-Coated Tablets

A type of tablet chewed first before swallowing (ex. multivitamins, antacids)

Chewable tablets

Are diluents of chewable tablets

mannitol and xylitol

A type of tablet that liquefy on the tongue and then the patients swallow the liquid (ex. Risperidone, Ondasetron)

Rapidly/ Orally Disintegrating Tablets

A type of tablet that is placed in the lining of the cheeks (ex. progesterone)

buccal tablets

buccal tablets disintegrate slowly, for how long?

4 hours

A type of tablet placed under the tongue for systemic absorption (ex. Nitroglycerin, ISDN)

Sublingual tablets

Sublingual tablets disintegrate rapidly, for how long?

2-3 minutes

a type of tablet that are solid dosage forms in a hard candy or sugar base that dissolve slowly in mouth for local effect

Lozenges

a type of lozenge that is compressed

troches

a type of lozenge that is molded

pastilles

a type of lozenge that are on sticks

lollipops

A type of tablet that release CO2 upon dissolution in water

Effervescent tablets

A type of tablet contain a large amount of API used by pharmacists in compounding multiple dosage units; no longer use

compounding/dispensing tablets

A type of tablet used by physicians to prepare parenteral solutions; no longer used for issues on sterility

Hypodermic tablets

A type of tablet prepared by moistening powders and then putting on a triturate mold (may be compressed); results to cylindrical tablets which are very soluble in water

Molded tablets/ Tablet triturates

are solid dosage forms in which the drug is enclosed within in either a hard or soft, soluble shell, usually made of gelatin

Capsules

a component of capsules that are made from the partial hydrolysis of collagen from the skin/bones of animals

gelatin

a type of gelatin that is made mainly from pork skin; acid processing

Type A

a type of gelatin that are made from bones and animal skins; alkaline processing

Type B

are capsules that are made from alternative hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or hard starch

vegetable capsules

a type of capsule that are dry-filled or two-piece capsules (cap and body)

Hard gelatin capsules

Hard gelatin capsules are made out of ________, ___________, and _____________

gelatin, sugar, and water

the opacifying agent in hard-gelatin capsules

TiO2 - titanium dioxide

this is added in hard-gelatin capsules to prevent decomposition of gel

SO2 - sulfur dioxide

What are the capsule sizes for the human?

no. 5 to 000

What are the capsule sizes for the veterinary?

no.10 - no.12

What is the moisture content of hard gelatin capsules

12-16%

other design of hard gelatin capsule that is tapered at one end

pulvule

other design of hard gelatin capsule that is tapered at both ends

spansule

a type of capsule that are one-piece; used to contain non-aqueous liquids (vitamin e, cod liver oil, digoxin), suspensions, pastes, and dry materials

soft-gelatin capsules

soft gelatin capsules are made out of _______, __________ and ____________

gelatin, plasticizer, and preservatives

these are used as plasticizers for soft gelatin capsules:

glycerin, sorbitol

What is the moisture content of soft gelatin capsules

6-10%

Drug release features are based on _____, ___________ and ____________

time, course and locations

What are the advantages of modified-release solid dosage forms?

Economic savings

Avoid patient compliance problems

Reduce fluctuation in drug level (to prolong therapeutic

effect → to reduce dosing frequency)

Minimize or eliminate side effects

A type of modified release dosage forms that provides a prompt desired effect followed by a gradual release of remaining amount

Extended-release

the main problem in extended-release dosage forms:

dose dumping

a type of extended-release dosage form that is zero order

Controlled Release

a type of extended-release dosage form that is first order

Sustained release

A type of modified release dosage forms that has its drug release other than the time of prompt administration (ex. enteric-coated)

Delayed release

A type of modified release dosage form that contains 2 single doses of a medication (1st dose → immediate; 2nd dose → delayed)

Repeat actions

A type of modified release dosage form has its drug release isolated in a specific body region/ tissue → absorption and action

Targeted Release

example of targeted release tablets that deliver the drug into the colon without dilution in other regions of GIT

Colonic tablets

example of targeted release tablets that remain in the stomach for long period (floating tablets)

gastro retentive tablets

are semisolid dosage forms intended for external use

ointments