Basic Concepts of Pathophysiology

These flashcards cover fundamental concepts, definitions, and mechanisms related to pathophysiology, as outlined in the lecture notes.

Atrophy

Decrease in cellular size.

Hypertrophy

Increase in cellular size.

Hyperplasia

Increase in the number of cells.

Dysplasia

Deranged cellular growth.

Metaplasia

Replacement of one type of cell with another.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death.

Necrosis

Sum of cellular changes after local cell death.

Hypoxia

Decreased oxygen supply to the tissues.

Ischemia

Reduced blood flow causing hypoxia.

Reperfusion injury

Additional injury caused by restoration of blood flow.

Free radicals

Atoms with unpaired electrons that can damage cells.

Chemical injury

Cellular damage caused by harmful substances.

Xenobiotics

Chemical substances foreign to the biological system.

Contusion

A bruise resulting from damaged blood vessels.

Laceration

Irregular tear in skin or tissue.

Fracture

Break in bone continuity.

Asphyxial injury

Failure to utilize oxygen leading to suffocation.

Hydropic changes

Cellular swelling due to injury.

Histamine

A compound released during allergic reactions and inflammation.

Phagocytic cells

Cells that engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens.

Sarcopenia

Loss of muscle mass associated with aging.

Elderly frailty

Decreased strength, mobility, and balance in older adults.

Coagulative necrosis

Cell death with preservation of the basic tissue architecture.

Liquefactive necrosis

Transforming tissue into a liquid viscous mass.

Caseous necrosis

Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis.

Fat necrosis

Necrosis caused by the action of lipases.

Gangrenous necrosis

Death of tissue due to hypoxia.

Chemical asphyxiants

Substances that prevent cells from using oxygen.

Antibodies

Proteins produced by the immune system to fight antigens.

Electrolyte changes

Alterations in the balance of electrolytes within tissues.

Cellular adaptations

Changes that allow cells to survive in a changing environment.

Terminally differentiated cells

Specialized cells that have lost the ability to divide.

Stem cells

Undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to various cell types.

Inflammation

The body's response to harmful stimuli.

Tumor necrosis factor

A cytokine involved in systemic inflammation.

Oxygen free radicals

Highly reactive molecules that can cause cellular damage.

Hematopoiesis

The formation of blood cellular components.

Reversible injury

Cellular stress that can be reversed.

Irreversible injury

Cellular damage that leads to death.

Dystrophic calcification

Deposition of calcium salts in damaged tissues.

Metastatic calcification

Calcium deposits in normal tissue from increased calcium levels.

Bleeding

The loss of blood from the circulatory system.

Tissue healing

The process of recovery of damaged tissue.

Chronic injury

Long-term damage resulting from persistent stress.

Mitochondrial dysfunction

Impaired function of mitochondria, leading to energy failure.

Cytoplasmic contents

Materials within the cell that are involved in metabolism.

Autophagosome

A vesicle that engulfs cellular components for degradation.

Clinical manifestations

Observable signs and symptoms of disease.

Systemic response

Widespread effects of an injury or inflammation throughout the body.