AP Euro History Princeton Review Vocab

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Individualism

a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.

Holy Roman Empire

A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe.

Popolo

Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power.

Ciompi Revolt

1378 in Italy - revolt of poor - part of same phenomena as Jacqueries. Came about because of post-Black Death anarchy, collapse of several banking families which led to economic shambles, and feuding between new and old rich. Suppressed as were other revolts but reality was - feudalism on decline due to great economic upheaval caused by plague. The poor ruled for 4 yrs before being replaced by the Medici family.

Papal States

A section of central Italy governed by the pope

Patrons

a person who supports artists, especially financially—nobles

Dark Ages/Middle Ages

period of time after the fall of the Roman Empire characterized by lack of strong government, lawlessness, lack of learning and advancement

Civic humanists

These Renaissance writers and/or humanists were concerned with wisdom, virtue and morality.

Florentine Platonic Academy

Under patronage of Cosimio de Medici in Florence - a revival of studies of works of Plato(ancient Greek). Especially interested in synthesizing Platonic philosophy and Christian teaching. Was an informal gathering of humanists - appeal of Platonism lay in its flattering view of human nature. Distinguished betw. eternal sphere of being and perishable world in which man lived. Thought human reason actually existed in first and carried into second.

Neoplatonism

Views based on the ideas of Plato that one should search beyond appearances for true knowledge. Merged platonic philosophy with Christianity

Trivium and quadrivium

two courses of studies for all schooling in the medieval period before universities

Single-point perspective

A technique for achieving a sense of depth by establishing a single vanishing point and painting or building all objects to diminish to it. First used in the Renaissance

Chiaroscuro

The treatment of light and shade in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth. (Renaissance technique)

Sprezzatura

For an Italian Renaissance courtier, the undertaking of difficult tasks as if effortlessly and with an attitude of nonchalance.

High Renaissance

A period beginning in the late 15th century, it produced some of the most well-known religious and secular artwork of the period from such figures as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

Vitruvius man

By Leonardo da Vinci and it was used to study human proportion from the years 1485-1490

Northern Renaissance

Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries , England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance

Christian humanists

Northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions.

English Renaissance

Age of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Ben Jonson, Edmund Spenser, Elizabethan reign provided stability

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.

Black Death

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of Western Europe (1347-1351)

Lollards

Followers of John Wycliffe who questioned the supremacy and privileges of the pope and the church hierarchy

Council of Constance

the council in 1414-1418 that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church

selling of indulgences

church officials selling pardons that released people from performing the penalties for their sins, one of the issues addressed in Luther's 95 theses

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

German Peasants' Revolt

Wanting to be freed from serfdom - destroy everything. Luther is in shock & writes to the princes showing no mercy. The princes' armies kill 100,000 people, and many peasants reject Luther's religious leadership

Priesthood of all believers

Luther said/realized that everyone should follow their calling and find their own faith through scripture, which meant that no one could achieve a higher level of spirituality because of a church position.

Radical Reformation

A term to refer to various groups mainly in Switzerland and Germany. These groups included the Anabaptists, Spiritualists (such as Thomas Muntzer). Their disctintives include simply ordered communities, adult baptism, and biblical literalism.

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion (adult Baptism); they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Reformation Parliament

1529-1536. Parliament that freed Britain from the Pope

Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533)

Declared king (Henry VIII) supreme sovereign in England & forbade judicial appeals to the papacy making the Crown the highest legal authority

Act of Supremacy (1534)

The King was the only supreme head of the Church of England. They could control doctrine, appointments, and discipline.

Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church. Banned books and punished heretics to death

Index of Prohibited Books

A weapon of the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church; this documented books that disagreed with or criticized the Church. There was an early one issued by Pope Paul IV and another from the Council of Trent. This was supposed to protect people from immoral or incorrect theological works, but included scientific writing.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Simony

The selling of church offices

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Cape of Good Hope

Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.

Aztec Empire

Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. Conquered by Hernan Cortes and the conquistadores by 1521

Inca Empire of Peru

empire that the Spanish (Francisco Pizarro) conquered in 1533. Ruled indirectly until the 1560s when they took total control of the region

Encomienda system

A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.

New world

the name given by Europeans to the Americas, which were unknown to most Europeans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus

Nation-states

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

Mercenary army

a group of soldiers who will work for any country or employer that will pay them

Treaty of Lodi (1454)

balance of power in Italy/protection against invaders ; Milan and Naples support Florence

War of the Roses (1455-1485)

This was a war between the Lancaster (red rose) and York families (white rose) of England. Ultimately it was ended by Henry VII of Lancaster, who killed Richard III (brother of Edward IV of York) and who married Elizabeth of York, ending the war and uniting the families under the Tudor name

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Spanish Inquisition

An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

A naval battle between the Ottoman Turks and a coalition of Christian powers led by Spain which ended in a decisive Christian victory, halting the ottoman advance into Europe.

Duke of Alva's Council of Troubles

Inquisition-based effort which failed to regain control of the protestant Netherlands

Golden Bull of Charles IV

Standardized electing German monarchy rather than hereditary one;stated 4 lay princes and 3 ecclesiastical rulers would serve as electors of King of the Romans/emperor, created by Charles IV

Price Revolution

the period in European history during the 1500s when inflation rose rapidly

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Treaty which ended religious warfare between Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, it acknowledged Lutheranism as a religion, and those states had the same rights at Catholic states; German states (princes) were free to choose the religion of their country, but individuals were not able to choose their religion

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of Westphalia (1618-1648). A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Calvinist Elector of the Palatinate

Frederick: elected to depose of Ferdinand as king of Bohemia

Battle of the White Mountain

A decisive battle during the Bohemian phase of the war resulting in the defeat of Frederick V by the generals of Ferdinand Il.

Edict of Restitution (1629)

Document issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629 that ordered that all Catholic land taken by the Protestants must be returned and outlawed Calvinism (restored Catholic land/eject Calvaism)

Peace of Westphalia

series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War

French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

Conflict between Huguenots & Catholics in France which also overlapped with political and economic competition, leading to a series of wars, culminating in the ascension of Henry IV to the throne.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572.

Bourbon Dynasty

Dynasty in France started by the reign of King Henry IV, powerful and EXTREMELY wealthy, rulers of this Dynasty wanted hegemony (dominant power), wanted to see shift of balance of power

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

city-state

A city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside

Mannerism

An artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation.

Elizabethan Renaissance

Cultural awakening under the reign of Queen Elizabeth, but mainly James I. Marlowe, Jonson and Shakespeare; saw a revival of classical learning, major growth in English literature and drama (especially Shakespeare), increased exploration and national pride, and flourishing arts under Queen Elizabeth I.

Anticlericalism

Opposition to the power of the clergy, especially in political affairs & Catholic Church.

Great Schism

a time of rival popes within the Roman church

Pietism

This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

Wittenberg

A city in northern Germany, where Luther drew up his 95 theses.

Protestantism

Religions born of protests to the practices of Catholicism

Twelve Articles

Representatives of peasants met and made these articles expressing their anger. It blamed religious lords and summarized the crisis of the 16th century. They complained about how nobles treated them poorly and heavily taxed them.

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

Schmalkaldic Wars

Wars in 1540s between Charles V and the Protestant German princes

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects.

Antitrinitarians

Protestants who denied the idea of the Holy Trinity

Papal Inquisition

program of the Church, in collaboration with secular authorities, to judge the guilt of suspected heretics with the goal of getting them to repent; abused through the use of torture, anonymous accusations, and state executions

Baroque

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

Guises

-A family that supported one side in the French Civil War -They led Catholics in Northern France. -Catherine de Medici supported them in the first phase. -They lost in the end.

The Medici

aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century. Patrons of the arts

Georgio Vasari

16th century painter, architect, writer who called era in which he lived "rinacita", rebirth, or rather the Renaissance

Francesco Petrarch

Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. He lived from 1304-1374 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics.

Pico della Mirandola

Humanist Figure, Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.

Castiglione

Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art.

Lorenzo Valla

humanist figure who exposed the Donation of Constantine as a forgery (challenged the Papacy) father of historical criticism

Leonardo Bruni

wrote "New Cicero" which has the idea that humanists believe that their studies of humanism should be put to the service of the state. Created a system of education for women, but it was not equal to it's male counterpart

Christine de Pisan

A Venetian-born woman of the medieval era who strongly challenged misogyny and stereotypes prevalent in the male-dominated realm of the arts. Wrote the City of ladies

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Michelangelo Buonarroti

(1475-1564) Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet; he sculpted the Pieta and the David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which took him four years to paint. The ceiling shows sweeping scenes from the Old Testament of the Bible.

Julius II (1503-1513)

Pope - very militaristic. Tore down the old Saint Peter's Basilica and began work on the present structure in 1506. Sponsored Michaelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel.

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. he wrote The Praise of Folly, Adages, handbook of the Christian Knight, and Acts of the Apostles. worked for Frobein and translated the New Testament from Greek to Latin(1466-1536)

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the printing press

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Sir Thomas More

(1478-1535) Englishman, lawyer, politician, Chancellor for Henry VIII. Wrote Utopia which presented a revolutionary view of society, in which the problems of society were caused by greed. Executed by Henry VIII for not compromising his religious beliefs.

Albrecht Durer

Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles)

Geoffrey Chaucer

English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)