Unit 7 APUSH Vocab

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Pluralistic

Relating to a system in which two or more states, groups, principles, or sources of authority coexist

Business Cycle

The periodic growth and decline of an economy, often measured by changes in GDP and employment levels

Great Depression

A severe global economic downturn that began in the US after the stock market crash of 1929 and lasted throughout the 1930s

Progressive Reform

Efforts during the early 20th century to address social, economic, and political problems caused by urbanization and industrialization

Welfare State

A system in which the government takes responsibility for the social and economic well-being of its citizens through various programs

Liberalism

A political philosophy that, in the context of the 20th century US, advocates for social justice and government intervention in the economy

FDR

Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, who led the U.S. through the Great Depression and WWII and authored the New Deal

New Deal

A series of domestic programs and reforms enacted by FDR to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression

Relief, Recovery, Reform

The Three Rs of the New Deal: immediate aid for the unemployed, programs to fix the economy, and permanent changes to prevent future depressions

Progressive Era Journalists

Muckrakers who used investigative journalism to expose corporate corruption and social injustices

Progressive Amendments/Constitution

The 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments to the Constitution, which introduced a federal income tax, mandated the direct election of senators, prohibited the consumption of alcohol, and granted women the right to vote respectively

Populists

Those part of the political movement in the late 19th century representing farmers and laborers that advocated for the interests of the common people

National Parks

Federally protected natural areas established by conservation and public enjoyment, championed during the Progressive Era

Preservationists

Individuals who believe in protecting the environment from any human interference or development

Conservationists

Individuals who advocate for the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources

Supreme Court Limits on New Deal

Initial judicial rulings that struck down major New Deal programs, e.g., the AAA, for exceeding federal constitutional authority

African-American Political Realignment

The shift of African American voters from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party during the New Deal era of the 1930s

Conservatives

Politicians who generally oppose government expansion into the economy and favor traditional social values; most are a part of the Republican Party

Modernization

The transformation of a society through industrialization, urbanization, and technological advancement

Tradition v.s. Innovation

The cultural clash between maintaining established customs and embracing modern changes and ideas

Urban v.s. Rural

The social and economic divide between American city populations and those living in the countryside

Fundamental Christianity v.s. Scientific Modernism

A cultural clash over the literal interpretation of the Bible versus modern scientific theories like Charles Darwin’s theories of evolution and natural selection

Management v.s. Labor

The ongoing struggle between business owners and workers regarding wages, hours, working conditions, and the right to unionize

Native Born v.s. Immigrants

The tension between Americans born in the country and newly arrived immigrants, often manifesting as nativism

White v.s. Black

Racial tensions and systemic discrimination in the U.S. persisted due to the presence of Jim Crow laws in the South, but the fight for civil rights grew and eventually prevailed in the 1960s

Idealism v.s. Disillusionment

The shift between the high-minded goals of WWI to the cynical and weary sentiment common in the 1920s in the United States

Harlem Renaissance

An explosion of African American art, literature, and music centered in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s

World War I

A global conflict from 1914 to 1918 between the Central and Allied Powers; its underlying causes were militarism, a complicated web of alliances, imperialism particularly in Asia and Africa, and extreme nationalism, but the war was immediately triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo

Xenophobia

Prejudice or dislike against foreigners

Civil Liberties

Individual legal protections from government overreach, such as freedom of speech and assembly

Strikes

Organized work stoppages by employees as a form of protest against working conditions or for better compensation

Red Scare

A period of fear concerning the spread of communism and radicalism in the United States after World War I

Quotas (Immigration)

Legislative limits set on the number of immigrants allowed from certain countries

Great Migration

The exodus of millions of African Americans from the South to the North and West beginning in the early 20th century

Frontier Closed

The 1890 census finding which states that a clear frontier line no longer existed, signaling the end of an era in American history

Imperialism

A policy of extending a nation’s power and influence through diplomacy, economic pressure, colonization, or military force

Spanish-American War

An 1898 war between the Spanish Empire and the United States that resulted in an American victory, Cuban independence, and the acquisition of several Spanish colonies by the United States, such as the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico

Philippine Insurrection

Also known as the Philippine-American War (1899-1902), this conflict was an attempted move by the Filipino people to achieve independence from the United States; unfortunately for them, the Filipinos lost the war and the Philippines remained an integral American colony for many more decades

Anti-Imperialist

An individual who sought for the United States to not maintain a colonial empire and instead work to support independence movements and get European and other imperial nations to decolonize

Interventionists v.s. Isolationists

Interventionists sought for the United States to interfer in global affairs and actively engage in conflicts between other countries, whereas isolationists sought to remain apart from global affairs and not intervene in foreign conflicts

Japanese Internment

In suspicion of possible Japanese spies in the United States and xenophobia, the United States government constructed internment camps to house Japanese civilians living in the country away from the rest of society and under the surveillance of government authorities

Atomic Bombs

Powerful weapons developed by the United States in WWII as a means to quickly put an end to WWII and assert American military dominance

Neutrality

The state of not supporting or helping any side to a conflict or disagreement between nations

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th President of the United States known for his leadership during World War I, Progressive policies, and ideation of the League of Nations

American Expeditionary Force

The United States Armed Forces sent to Europe in 1917-19 to fight in World War I

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty signed that officially ended World War I between the Allied Powers and Germany

League of Nations

An international organization ideated by Woodrow Wilson as a means to promote world peace and the precursor to the United Nations

World War II

A massive global conflict between the Axis and Allied Powers that was fueled by the expansionism of fascist states in Europe and Asia and the failure of the maintenance of peace after WWI and the Treaty of Versailles

Pearl Harbor

A military base in the (at the time) US territory of Hawaii that was striked by the Japanese in a surprise attack, directly leading to the US to declare war on Japan and join World War II

Axis Powers

A coalition of countries led by the Germans, Italians, and Japanese in WWII, which ended up losing the war

Allied Powers

A coalition of countries led by the British, French, Soviets, and Americans in WWII, which ended up winning the war

Holocaust

A systemic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and genocide of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators during WWII

Island Hopping

A key Allied strategy in the Pacific Theater during WWII involving the capture of strategic, less-defended islands while bypassing heavily fortified Japanese strongholds

Nazi Concentration Camps

Detention facilities used to imprison, exploit, and execute specific groups, often minorities like Jews, based on Nazi social & racial ideological grounds

D-Day Invasion

A massive Allied amphibious invasion of Normandy, France on June 6, 1944 in World War II that marked the start of the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control