PSYCH 3230 EXAM 1 - MILLER

Insurance, legal responsibility, and disability

The three important ramifications that color the way we interrupt behavior

Is there a single definition to normal or abnormal psychology?

No- everything exists on a continuum and is dimensional

Lazy, weak, or crazy. Weak in character. Dangerous to self or others, they are hopeless, and the freud "and all, be all mentality"

common myths to mental illness

Drapetomania, Childhood masturbation disorders, and homosexuality

3 common controversial diagnosis from the past

"harmful dysfunction; hybrid of value judgement; and biological disadvantage"

Wakefield's definition of abnormal behavior

Disorders as a pure value concept

Judge behavior of desirability according to social norms and ideals. This is problematic because it gives the decision makers a lot of power.

Disorders as whatever professionals treat

"problematic approach"- treat issues as they come along. This is how clinics work today.

The people that will come in are fairly normal and have Internal issues.

The people that don't come in have "scary" External disorders.

What is the issues with "disorder as whatever professionals treat" ?

Disorders as a Statistical Deviance

plays a large role in intellectual disability- BUT just because someone is dumb it doesn't mean that have a disorder.

Disorders as a Biological Disadvantage

- disorder if it causes lowered reproductive fitness.

- disorder if a mental mechanism is not preforming correctly to its specific function.

-Disorder when mechanism fails to preform correctly AND it causes impairment.

Disorders as distress or suffering

this is normal and happens to everyone

Psychological Dysfunction

breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

Personal Distress/Disability

It is difficult to preform expected roles. Some disorders may emphasize one over another.

Atypical cultural response

reaction is outside cultural norms

Dyscontrol: when you lose control and can't stop yourself

Maladaptivity: functional impairment

Tom Widiger defines abnormal psychology with two constructs...

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5)

a widely accepted system of classifying psychological problems and disorders.

1. Fitting a pattern; with at least half the traits

2. Cause dysfunction or subjective distress

3. Are present for a specific duration

4. Are based on Prototypes

The four criteria for Behavior (DSM-5)

1. start with "what brings you in"

2. distinguish clinically significant dysfunction from common human experience

3. Describe demographics, relative symptoms, age of onset, and any precipitating factors

Clinical description

Prevalence

The number or proportion of cases of a particular disorder

Incidence

The number of new cases of a disorder during a given period of time

Episodic

Time-limited

Chronic

Course of disorder can be...

onset of disorder

Acute or insidious

Acute onset

relatively severe, but self-limiting

Insidious onset

Development of a disorder that occurs gradually over an extended period. Harder to treat.

good or guarded

prognosis can either be...

Etiology

the study of the causes of diseases

treatment development

How can we help alleviate psychological suffering?Includes pharmacological, psychosocial, and/or combined treatments

treatment outcome research

A way of systematically measuring which therapies work best for which problems

Supernatural, Biology, and Psychological

the three dominant traditions for explaining psychology

supernatural

believed deviant was because of a battle of "Good vs. Evil". It was caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery, or movement of moon and stars. They treated these with exoticism and torture. This could have a placebo effect.

BIOLOGICAL

Hippocrates

believed disorders could be treated like any other disease and there were natural causes to disorders. Like brain trauma, genes, and brain pathology.

BIOLOGICAL

Galen: Humoral theory

personality is a balance of four basic bodily fluids.

Galenic-Hippocratic Tradition

-linked abnormality with brain chemical imbalances

-foreshadowed modern views

Syphilis: sexually transmitted disease that caused hallucinations. Pasteur cured it with penicillin.

This provided a biological basis for madness.

"mental illness= physical illness"

Why did biological treatments come of age?

1930's biological treatments

insulin shock therapy, brain surgery, ECT

1950's biological treatments

medicines became available- Neuroleptics

1970's biological treatments

discovered Benzodiazepines

Psychological tradition

Plato and Aristotle

believed social and cultural environment and early learning experiences impacted psych

moral therapy

psychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments. Emphasized a nurturing environment

- worked best in small groups

- Mental hygiene movement -> Custodial Care

- rise of biological tradition and notion that mental illness was die to brain pathology= incurable

Why did moral therapy decline?

- Psychoanalysis

- Humanism

- Behaviorism -> Cognitive- Behaviorism

How does Psychological tradition reemerge in the 1900s

Psychoanalysis major players

Brueur and Freud

Brueur

had patients describe problems under hypnosis. He discovered the "Unconscious mind' and "Catharsis"

unconscious mind

under hypnosis a person would reveal material that was outside their explicit awareness

catharsis theory

a release of emotional tension after discussing emotionally painful events and feelings

Freudian Theory

the structure and function of the mind: ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO

Id

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

your primary process.

Libido

source of sexual desire and aggressive motives

Eros

instinctual drive for sex, pleasure, and fulfillment

Thanatos

death instinct

Ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. This is your secondary process.

Superego

represents moral ideals form family and society. develops as a result of being rewarded or punished for different behaviors. Its main purpose is to counteract drive for sex and aggression. it is unconscious.

Intrapsychic conflict -> Anxiety-> defense mechanism

if the ego can not mediate between the superego and id...

defense mechanism

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Affiliation

deal with conflict by turning to others for help and support

Humor

Emphasizing the amusing or ironic aspects of the conflict or stressor

Sublimation

deal with stressor by channeling potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior

Displacement

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

Intellectualization

a coping mechanism in which the person analyzes a situation from an emotionally detached viewpoint

reaction formation

- Preventing unacceptable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of behaviors.

EX: Jane hates nursing. She attended nursing school to please her parents. During career day, she speaks to prospective students about the excellence of nursing as a career.

Repression

Involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from ones awareness.

EX: An accident victim can remember nothing about the accident

Projection

people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them onto others

The psychosexual stages of development by Freud

the 5 basic stages that represent gratifying basic needs and satisfy drive for physical pleasure

Oral Stage (0-18 months)

pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

Anal Stage (18-36 months)

pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Phallic (3-6 years)

pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Latency Stage (6 to puberty)

Sexual feelings become dormant

-no zone (when cooties come into play)

libido is focused on school, friends, sports, etc.

Genital Stage (puberty on)

sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others

Oedipus complex

a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father, but is fearful of dad for "castration anxiety" and then identifies with father.

Electra complex

the unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love. "Penis envy", this is resolved once they develop healthy hetero relationships with males.

psychodynamic theory

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.

1. focus on affect and patients expressions of emotions

2. explore avoidance of topics to engage in behaviors that hinder therapy

3. identify patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings

4. emphasis on role of past experiences

5. focus on interpersonal relationships

6. emphasis on therapeutic relationship

7. explore patients fantasies, dreams, and wishes

psychodynamic theory- how to apply it

Humanistic Theory

notion that there is positive qualities to people and hat they strive for improvement and excellence- this can be achieved through self actualization

Self Actualization

attain highest potential by overcoming the Hierarchy of needs

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Carl Rodgers Client-Centered Therapy

- therapist must convey empathy and an unconditional positivity with minimal therapist interpretation.

- belief that the patient has all the resources that need to solve their own problems if given emotional support.

- client/therapist relationship is the most important part

Behaviorism

A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

classical conditioning

a type of learning founded by Pavlo and Watson. Pairs a Neutral stimulus with and unconditioned stimuli

- unconditioned stimuli (food)

- unconditioned response (saliva)

- conditioned stimuli (bell)

- conditioned response (saliva)

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher (skinner and thorndike)

Thorndike's Law of Effect

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Skinner Reinforcement Theory

a consequence that will increase the behavior. Can be pos or neg

Skinner Punishment Theory

a consequence that will decrease the behavior. Can be pos or neg

Skinner Shaping

Successful reinforcement of desired behaviors

the reactionary movement against psychoanalysis and nonscientific approaches

why did behaviorism turn into Behavioral Therapy?

Wolpe, Beck, and Bandura

Who pioneered behavioral therapy?

Behavior Therapy

a time-limited, direct, here-and-now approach. Has widespread support.

said that learning could affect genes by turning them on. This is because genetic structure is malleable and receptive to the environment (epigenetic)

Eric Kandel and gene-environment interactions

COMT gene

Adolescent onset of marijuana use -> Adult Psychosis. Why?

gene-environment correlation

our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed which can influence psych disorders

Passive, Evocative, and Proactive

3 types of correlations

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

somatic: voluntary movements

autonomic: involuntary movements

change

Therapy can ____ brain functions

Conditioning and Cognitive Processes

animal research in learning led to important insights into psychopathology

ex: classical conditioning needs to be consistent

prepared learning

evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value

heart disease: due to decreased pumping of the heart

anger and hostility are linked strongly to

has a strong effect on psych and certain disorders have a strong gender link

male= external disorders

females=internal disorders

Gender effects in psychopathology

The principle of equifinality and Multi-finality

concept in developmental psych

one-dimensional models

- explain behavior in terms of a single cause

- could mean a paradigm, school, or conceptual approach

- tend to ignore information from other areas

Multidimensional Models

Interdisciplinary, eclectic, and integrative.

"System" of influences that cause and maintain suffering

Draw upon information from several sources

Abnormal behavior results from multiple influences