AP HUGE Semester 1

Map

A 2D representation of a geographic area or place

Map Scale

Distance on a map in relation to distance in actual space

Cartographer

A person who makes maps

Data Aggregation

The process of collecting and organizing large amounts of data

Spatial Perspective

The geographic perspective that identifies and explains the uses of space

Spatial Patterns

The placement or arrangement of objects on earth’s surface, includes space between those objects

Time-Distance Decay

Things that are near are more related than distant things, interaction decreases when further apart

Map Symbols

Graphic elements that help organize map information

Legend

A key showing meaning of symbols and colors on a map

Compass Rose

A drawing showing the four cardinal directions (N,E,S,W) and the map’s orientation

Absolute Direction

Corresponds compass direction (N,E,S,W) and combinations (NE, SW, etc

Scale

Territorial extent of an idea or object

Large Scale Maps

Zoomed in, more detail in a smaller area

Small Scale Maps

Zoomed out, less detail in a larger area

Absolute Distance

Distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length

Relative Distance

Measurement of level of social, cultural, or economic similarity between places.

Relative Direction

Direction that can be described as position (front, behind, left, etc) or describe movement

Elevation

The distance above sea level

Isodine

A line connecting or linking different places sharing common value (like evelation)

Topographic Map

3D representation of Earth’s surface

Reference Map

Shows geographic location on Earth’s surface

• Ex: Roadmaps, GPS

Thematic Map

Emphasizes specific spatial patterns of geographic statistics or attributes and sometimes the relationship between them

• Ex: Predominant soil type in several regions

Choropleth Map

A thematic map showing data aggregated for a specific geographic area, often through different colors

• Ex: presidential election maps (red & blue)

Cartogram

A thematic map that distorts geographic shape of an area to show the size of a specific variable

• Larger cartogram area = larger underlying variable value

• Ex: unemployment rate, world map represents size of country by population

Proportional/Graduated Circle Maps

A thematic map that uses symbols of different sizes to represent numerical values

• Population map showing larger population through larger circles

Dot Density/Distribution Map

A thematic map that uses dots to represent objects or counts, can represent one thing or many

• Ex: A map showing where people live, one dot = 1,000 people

Map Projections

A method of representing the earth surface on a plane (2D) surface. ALL map projections distort shape, area, distance, or direction of Earth’s surface.

Mercator Projection

• Pros: Useful for navigation

• Cons: Landmasses are more distorted the further away from the equator, continent sizes aren’t accurate

Gall-Peters Projection

• Pros: Shows Landmasses with their true areas (an equal-area projection)

• Cons: Shape is greatly distorted

Goode-Homolosine Projection

• Pros: An equal-area projection avoiding shape distortion and restrictions of a rectangular map

• Cons: Splits the oceans

Polar Projection

• Pros: Looks down at the earth from a perspective of one of the poles

• Cons: Landmasses closer to the poles seem bigger than they actually are

Robinson Projection

• Pros: Attempted to create the most visually appealing representation of the Earth by keeping all types of distortion relatively low

• Cons: Some cut off at the curvatures

Scale of Analysis

The level at which data is grouped (what we study)

Global Scale of Analysis

Geographic phenomena across the entire world, increasingly important because of globalization

• Ex: world pollution

Regional/Continental Scale of Analysis

Phenomena within a specific region

• Ex: economic performance in different regions in Europe

National Scale of Analysis

Phenomena for a specific country

• Ex: the average income in Vietnam vs Myanmar

Local Scale of Analysis

Geographic phenomena within a state or province, city or town, or neighborhood

• Ex: data for different states in Germany

Glocal Perspective

Reflects the idea that global-scale processes affect individuals at a local state

Globalization

The process by which businesses and other organizations develop international influence or start operating on a global scale

Population Composition

The makeup of a population by age and sex as well as ethnic, racial, income, and educational background

Demographers

Experts in the study of statistics relating to the human population structure

Dependency Ratio

The number of dependents in a population each 100 working-age people (15-64) must support

• 100 * dependents/working age pop.

Youth Dependency Ratio

The number of young dependents (<15) in a population every 100 working-age people must support

Elderly Dependency Ratio

The number of elderly dependents in a population (64<) that every 100 working-age people must support

Generations

Groups of people born around the same time and share the same commonalities due to shared influences as they grew up

Sex Ratios

The ratio of the number of men to women in a population

Androcentrism

A phenomenon in which a culture demonstrates a marked preference for males

Infanticide

The practice of killing infants

Population Density

The total population divided by the land area

Population Pyramid

A very useful device for comparing age and sex structure at a particular time.

Triangle Shape (in pop. pyramid)

Rapid Growth

• Usually occurs in developing countries

• High birth rates & large young pop.

  • Countries could face challenges in education & creating jobs

Cylindrical Shape (in pop. pyramid)

Slow Growth

• Birth rate is just over death rate

• Pop. will gradually age

  • Meeting health care needs could be challenging

Rectangle Shape (in pop. pyramid)

Stability

• Birth rate = death rate

• Pop. growth reaches 0

  • Fairly even distribution

Cup Shape (in pop. pyramid)

Decline

• Low birth rate & negative pop. growth

• Countries may experience an aging pop., labor shortage, and declining consumer demands

Population Dynamics

The growth and change of the human population on Earth

Demographic Equation

The method for calculating the total pop. of a place based on natural increase and migration over time.

pop. at the beginning of the period

+ total births

+ total in-migrants

- total deaths

- total out-migrants

__________________________________________

= pop. at the end of the period

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime (15-49)

• TFR = 2.1 → Replacement level fertility (average number of children needed to replace parents & stabilize pop. over time)

  • TFR < 2.1 → Natural decline of pop. over a long time period, deaths > births

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The average number of births per 1,000 people

• (live births in a year)/(total midyear pop.) * 1000

• Low: 10-20, Transitional: 20-30, High: 30+

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people

• (total # of deaths in year)/(total midyear pop.) * 1000

• More elderly population → higher CDR

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

How many infants die within the first year of their life per 1,000 live births

• Indicator of living standards

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference between number of births and deaths in a given year when expressed as a percentage of the total pop.

• (CBR - CDR)/ 10

• +RNI: births > deaths, -RNI: births < deaths

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that conceptualizes how CBR, CDR, & RNI changes over time as countries goes through industrialization & urbanization

DTM Stage 1: High Stationary Stage

• Birth and death rates are both high

• Slow growth

• No country is in stage 1

DTM Stage 2: Early Expanding Stage

• Death rates drop rapidly & pop. grows slowly

• High birth rates

• Many sub-Saharan countries are in stage 2

DTM Stage 3: Late Expanding Stage

• Birth rates decline, RNI decreases, death rate decreases slowly

  • Many developing countries are in stage 3

DTM Stage 4: Low Stationary Stage

• Birth & death rates are similar at lower levels

• Pop. grows slowly and is aging

  • Many developed countries are at stage 4

DTM Stage 5: Natural Decrease Stage

• Birth rates are continuously below death rates

• RNI decreases

• Some countries, like Japan & some European countries, are in stage 5

Antinatalist Policies

Designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates

• Ex: China’s birth control policy (“one couple, one child”)

Pronatalist Policies

Designed to boost fertility rates & ultimately population growth

• Ex: Denmark

Women’s Empowerment

The increased autonomy of women to make choices and shape their lives

Women’s Access to Education’s Impact

• Tend to marry later with fewer children (lower TFR)

  • Improves economic development

Women’s Access to Family Planning’s Impact

• Drop in fertility rates

Women’s Access to Economic Opportunity’s Impact

• May encourage women to delay marriages, reduce ideal family size, & increased family planning (lower TFR)

• Women might work to support a larger family

Spatial Mobility

All forms of geographical movement, including people’s everyday commuting & travels

Migration

Long-term or permanent relocation of individuals, families, or entire communities from one place to another

Migrant

A person who migrates or moves

Emigration

Act of a migrant leaving their origin

Emigrants

People who leave their country of origin

Immigration

Act of migrant arriving at their destination country

Immigrant

People who arrive at their destination

Migration Stream

Migrants moving from origin → destination

Counterstream

Migrants moving from destination → origin

Net Migration Rate (NMR)

The guague of the impact of migration on pop. change

• (country’s net migration)/(total pop.) * 1000

  • +NMR: net inflow, -NMR: net outflow

Brain Drain

A phenomenon where a place loses young, more educated and skilled people through migration

Brain Gain

A phenomenon where a place gains young, more educated and skilled people through migration

Push Factors

Factors that cause people to be dissatisfied with their present locales and want to move

• Ex: war

Pull Factors

Attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants

• Ex: job opportunities

Intervening Opportunity

A nearby attractive locale where migrant decides to settle instead of going to their intended destination further away

Intervening Obstacles

Complications that potential migrants will need to overcome to reach their destination

Voluntary Migration

Migration that is done willingly

International Migration

• When people cross national borders to live in another country

• Boundaries can restrict migration

• Ex: guest worker

Guest Worker

A person with temporary permission to work in another country

Transnational Migration

• When migrants move back and forth between their home countries and those to which they’ve migrated

• Better communication & transportation allow this to occur easier

Internal/Interregional Migration

• When people move within the borders of a country

• Ex: rural-to-urban migration, great migration

The Great Migration

20th century movement of 6 million rural African Americans in South moved to Midwestern and northeastern cities in the U.S. due to racism

Step Migration

• Migration carried out in stages usually to more bigger and distance places

• Can take a lot of time

• Ex: when a migrant doesn’t want to be far from home at first

Chain Migration

• When migrants return to their previous place of residence or origin

• Ex: retirees could return

Seasonal Migration

• Migration based on the time of the year

• Ex: transhumance

Forced Migration

Caused by forces out of one’s control

Refugee

People who leave their country because of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, or political opinion