Enjoyment of Music Midterm (Units 1-4)

The history of Western music begins

when Europeans developed musical notation

Why was the art music of the Middle Ages predominantly religious?

the church patronized music extensively

The two centers of power during the early Middle Ages were the church and:

newly formed centralized governments led by kings

The Frankish emperor who encouraged education and the concept of a centralized government was

Charlemagne

What were three things that arose during the Middle Ages

cathedrals, universities, bourgeoisie

What are the three major literary works of the Middle Ages?

1. Chanson de Roland

2. Divine Comedy

3. Canterbury Tales

During the Middle Ages, the status of women

was raised through the concept of chivalry, which arose among knights and was idealized in music

What were three characteristics of Renaissance thinking?

1. interest in scientific inquiry

2. questioning of blind faith

3. focus on humanity and life

What were three historical events that took place in the Renaissance?

1. discovery of the New World

2. introduction of printing in the West

3. Protestant Reformation

Who were three major artists of the Renaissance?

Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli

Why is Renaissance painting considered to be more realistic than medieval painting?

Renaissance painters explored perspective, which made it possible to depict visual depth

What three institutions supported music in Renaissance society?

church, city-state, aristocratic courts

What are ways that Renaissance musicians made their living?

choirmaster, singer, organist, instrument builder or player, music printer or publisher

Which cathedral became one of the first centers in which polyphony was notated and integrated into musical worship?

Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris

The "decoration" of plainchant with one or more simultaneous musical lines is called

organum

Another term for language of the people is

vernacular

What was the formal language of the church and sacred music tradition during the Middle Ages?

Latin

During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, sacred musical genres were generally considered to be ensemble vocal music, usually sung by a group.

small

Troubadours were associated with

southern France

Which performers of secular music were associated with northern France?

trouveres

Most of the surviving music from the early Middle Ages is

sacred

The concept that helped bring about the first flowering of secular music written in the vernacular was

chivalry

What two things raised the status of women in medieval society?

1. prevailing attitudes of chivalry

2. devotion to the Virgin Mary

On the global stage, the Renaissance was an age of

exploration

Renaissance painters preferred (realism / symbolism)

realism

The Renaissance first came to flower in

Italy

Why was musical notation invented?

to further the goals of Christian worship

What are three characteristics of life in a cloister?

1. living in quiet seclusion

2. devotion to prayer, scholarship, and charity

3. participating in teaching and hospital work

Who is traditionally associated with collecting and organizing the chants of the church?

Pope Gregory the Great

What are three musical characteristics of Gregorian chant?

1. monophonic texture

2. free, unaccented rhythm

3. generally conjunct motion

Why does Gregorian chant sound so different from other types of Western music?

no harmony

A setting of Gregorian chant with one note per syllable is called

syllabic

A setting of Gregorian chant with two to four notes per syllable might be considered

neumatic

Which medieval woman was a religious leader and a prominent figure in literature and music?

Hildegard of Bingen

On which liturgical occasion was Hildegard's Alleluia sung?

a feast day for the Virgin Mary

Which religious figure is praised in the text of Hildegard's Alleluia?

the Virgin Mary

A text setting with many notes set to a syllable is called

melismatic

The little ascending and descending symbols written above the words to suggest the contours of the melody are called

neumes

A series of services celebrated in religious communities are called the

daily Offices

A performance style in which an ensemble is divided into two or more groups and performs in alternation is called

antiphonal

Which instrument, invented by the Greeks, was the first to be widely accepted for use in Christian worship?

organ

What three religious practices influenced the early Christian church?

Jewish, Byzantine, Islamic

The knowledge of early civilizations and the culture of the Middle Ages were preserved largely in

monasteries

The monastic life was for (men / women / both / neither)

both

The order of church services and the structure of each service are known as the

liturgy

The major and minor scales were developed from the

church modes

What two Hebrew words are common in Christian prayer?

Amen and Hallelujah

Polyphony required the development of

music notation

In what era did the development of polyphony begin to emerge?

Romanesque era

In what era did composers begin to be recognized?

Gothic era

The earliest type of polyphony was

organum

Who is credited with compiling the Great Book of Organum (Magnus liber organi)?

Leonin

Which composer expanded the dimensions of organum by increasing the number of voice parts?

Perotin

A fixed pattern of long and short notes that is repeated and varied is called

rhythmic mode

The development of notation led to the recognition of

individual composers

The lower voice of organum sang

the fixed melody in long notes

The upper voice of organum sang

a freely composed part that moved rapidly

Composers of organum based their pieces on

preexisting Gregorian chants

The single most important feature in the development of Western music is

the development of polyphony

Polyphony was originally reserved for

worship on the highest feast days

By what interval is a second voice added to Gregorian melody to make organum?

fifth or fourth

With the development of notation, music expanded to become

an art that was carefully planned and preserved

What were three major subjects of the poetry of troubadours and trouveres?

1. politics and current events

2. moralizing and devotional themes

3. love and unrequited passion

What are three characteristics of the Crusades?

1. lasted over 200 years

2. brought advanced scientific knowledge to the West

3. affected Western music through contact with the East

During the fourteenth century, a style of music developed that became known as

Ars nova

The outstanding composer-poet of the Ars nova was

Machaut

The French courtly love song of the Middle Ages was called the

motet

Who composed Ma fin?

Machaut

The texture of Ma fin is

polyphony

The form of a rondeau is

ABaAabAB

The Ars nova ushered in musical developments in what three areas?

rhythm and mater, harmony, counterpoint

Music and math had been linked since the

ancient Greeks

The fourteenth century witnessed a(n) (increased / decreased) focus on secular music

increased

Ma fin reflects the era's fascination with

complexity

The four topics (Quadrivium) considered essential to education were

music, math, writing, science

Machaut was the first composer to

self-consciously collect his works and leave them for posterity

What are three characteristics of secular music-making in the Renaissance?

1. most prosperous homes had a lute or keyboard

2. music was often sung in parts

3. music-making at home became increasingly popular

The expressive device that Renaissance composers used to pictorialize words musically is called

text painting

What was the most important secular genre of the sixteenth century?

madrigal

Where was the madrigal first developed?

Italy

Text painting is a hallmark of what genre?

madrigal

Madrigals with simpler and more accessible texts were especially favored in

England

What describes the character of Farmer's Fair Phyllis?

pastoral and light