Bio 2252k Lab Quiz 2.2

4 regions of stomach

1. cardia

2. fundus

3. body

4. pyloric

Rugae

ridges along stomach lining

Sphincter muscles

circular arrangement of smooth muscle

Gastroesophageal sphincter

prevents food from regurgitating back up esophagus

Pyloric sphincter

prevents food from leaving stomach into intestines before it is processd

Small intestine

1. duodenum

2. jejunoileum

Large intestine

1. cecum

2. appendix

3. colon - ascending, transverse, descending, + sigmoid (loop)

4. rectum

5. anal canal

Liver

• largest structure in abdominal cavity

• two tubes coming out (right/left hepatic duct)

Common hepatic duct

• right/left hepatic duct come together to form this

• cystic duct - leads to gallbladder

Pancreas

• main pancreatic duct

• hepatopancreatic ampulla

Main pancreatic duct

• merges with common bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla

• secretes pancreatic juice

Hepatopancreatic duct

• hepatopancreatic sphincter at bottom

• opens to duodenum

Hepatic portal system

• system of venules/veins that connect two capillary beds

• hepatic portal vein

• hepatic sinusoid

Hepatic portal vein

drains capillaries in walls of intestines

Hepatic sinusoid

hepatic artery + vein merge into one, drains into vessel, and into IVC

control group

does not get treatment

experimental group

gets treatment

carbohydrates

• monosaccharides

• disaccharides

• oligosaccharides

• polysaccharides

amylase

• in pancreas + saliva

• pH ~7

• activated at 37c

• breaks down starch but not cellulose

• freezing doesn’t hurt it

• boiling damages/denatures enzyme so it won’t catalyze

  • alters 3D structure so it can’t bind

BAPNA

when it is broken down, by pepsin, it releases a yellow pigment, but no color/clear when not broken down

spectrophotometer

measures optical density/intensity of color of solution

lipids

organic compounds insoluble in water

triglycerides (TG)

make up fats + oils, glycerol + 3 fatty acids

fats

solid at room temp (72F)

oils

liquid at room temp (72F)

emulsification

breaks up globs of fat into small fat droplets

cell reproduction

reproduce by mitosis or meiosis

chromosomes

• found in nucleus

• diploid

• haploid

• autosomes

• sex chromosome

genes

• units of heredity along length of chromosomes

• contains coated sets of information called traits

traits

• features/characteristics of an organism

• coated set of information on gene

diploid chromosome

• 46 total, in pairs of 2

• found in nucleus

haploid chromosomes

• 23 pairs

• represents one member of each pair

autosomes

first 22 pairs of chromosomes (44)

sex chromosome

• last pair #23 (only two chromosomes)

• males get x and y chromosomes

• females get x and x chromosomes

mitosis (mt)

• most common type of cell reproduction

• occurs when organs grow, repair, and maintenance

• occurs in somatic cells

meiosis (ms)

• only occurs in germ/growing cells

• germ cells are found in gonads

• when in ovaries/females, it is called oogenesis

• when in testes/males, it is called spermatogenesis

oogenesis

produce N ovum/ova (unfertilized egg)

spermatogenesis

produce N flagellated cells

fertilization

occurs in fallopian/uterine tube

scrotum

sac between male legs

testes

two balls in scrotum

seminiferous tubules

• tubes in testes

• lined with germ cells

epididymis

• sperm storage

• tube coming off seminiferous tubules

leydig/interstitial cells

• between seminiferous tubules

• produce testosterone

ductus deferens

long tube off epididymis

inguinal canal

• slit in ductus deferens

• goes into urinary bladder

urethra

drains bladder

urethral orifice

hole in urethra

seminal vesicle

pair of glands in urinary bladder

ejaculatory duct

seminal vesicle and ductus deferens come together to form it

prostate gland

• below urinary bladder

• urethra goes through it

urethra (male)

• 3 parts

  • prostatic

  • membranous

  • spongy

flacid penis

limp (3-4 in)

erect penis

stiff (5-6 in)

corpus cavernosa

columns of tissue have blood flow through it to make it erect

corpus spongiosum

urethra runs through columns of tissue

vulva

external genitalia

mons pubis

mound/body that grows hair

labia majora

outer fold (dry)

labia minora

inner fold (moist)

vestibule

inside lips

clitoris

top of vestibule

urethral orifice

first hole in vestibule (pee out of)

vaginal orifice

second hole in vestibule

infundibulum

expanded end of fallopian tube

fimbria

finger like projections off of infundibulum

body of uterus

middle section/uterine cavity

fundus

upper section of uterus

cervix

lower section of uterus

perimetrium

outer layer of uterus

myometrium

middle layer of uterus

endometrium

inner layer of uterus

ovarian ligament

ligament from ovary to uterus

round ligament

ligament form body to uterine wall

broad ligament

binds round and ovarian ligament together