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Genetics
The study of individual genes and their impact on inheritance and single-gene and chromosomal disorders.
Genomics
The study of the function of sets or groups of genes. Generally, focuses on examining the genome of an individual cell.
Evidence-Based Practice
The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in patient care decision making; includes integrating clinical expertise with consideration paid to the patient’s values and preferences.
Acute
a disease that appears quickly and heals quickly
Chronic
has an enduring quality with lasting implications
Signs
objective indication of a disease that is observable Ex: rash
Symptom
subjective sensation indicative of disease that is perceived by the affected individual Ex: pain and nausea
Pathogenesis
The sequence of events in response to one or more etiologic agents involving structural and/or functional alterations in cells, tissues, or organs that result in disease.
Etiology
The cause of a disease or injury.
Exacerbation
An increase in the severity or intensity of a disease.
Remission
A reduction or abatement of disease over a particular period of time.
Morbidity
A departure from physiologic or psychologic well-being, encompassing disease, injury, and disability.
Mortality
The number of deaths in a given population.
Public Health
The science of protecting and improving the health of families and communities through promotion of healthy lifestyles, research for disease and injury prevention, and detection and control of infectious diseases
Prevalence
The number of people in a specific population who have a certain disease or condition at a point in time or during a period of time
Incidence
The number of new cases of a disease or condition that occur during a specified period of time in a population that is at risk for developing the disease or condition.
Health
A state of normative physiologic or psychologic function.
Syndrome
A collection of symptoms associated with particular disease
Illness
The presence of a disease or other disruption of normative function.
Disease
An impairment of some functional ability that results in the appearance of symptoms.
Disorder
A synonym for disease, more commonly used in relation to psychologic health; can refer to lasting physiologic consequences resulting from a disease.
Modifiable Risk Factors
A risk factor that the individual can change, such as diet or smoking.
Non-modifiable Risk Factors
A risk factor that an individual cannot change, such as age, race, and genetic variables.
Phases of Cell Division
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase
Meiosis
A cell division process that produces four haploid daughter cells (egg and sperm) needed for reproduction.
Mitosis
The process of cell division used to create identical copies of a cell.
DNA Replication
The process whereby double-stranded DNA copies itself, resulting in two double-stranded DNA molecules.
Transcription
The process whereby double-stranded DNA copies itself, resulting in two double-stranded DNA molecules.
Translation
The conversion of messenger RNA into a series of amino acids, which are then used to synthesize a protein product.
Mutations
A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence of a gene that adversely affects gene function
Karyotyping
A test used to examine the visual appearance of chromosome structure and number.
FISH
A test using fluorescent probes to detect chromosome number and target specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.
Single-Gene testing
designed to detect nucleotide changes anywhere in the gene
allelle
Alternative forms of an individual gene
Autosomal Dominant
indicates that only one copy of a mutated gene is required to cause disease
autosomal recessive
Indicates that both copies of a gene must not be working to express the trait
nondisjunction
improper separation of chromosomes resulting in the egg or sperm having and incorrect number of chromosomes
Translocation
The occurrence when a piece of one chromosome breaks off and fuses to another chromosome.
Atrophy
o Reversible o Reduction in cell size o Result of: Insufficient blood flow (heart attack, stroke) Malnutrition Reduced endocrine stimulation o Decreases energy levels
Hypertrophy
o Enlargement of cells due to increase workload (heart failure, inflammation) o Results from: Normal physiologic conditions Abnormal physiologic conditions o Need more energy to keep enlarged cells running
Hyperplasia
o Increase in the number of cells o Result of: Increased workload Hormonal stimulation Decreased tissue due to injury o Overcrowding of cells leads to decrease in functioning (hypoxic)
Metaplasia
o Replacement on one adult cell with another adult cell o Can better endue the change or stress o Results from: Chronic inflammation (asthma, COPD)
Dysplasia
o Derange cell growth leads to abnormal size, shape, and appearance o Cancers o Are adaptive and potentially reversible
Individual Environmental Health
social and physical environment are key determinants of an individuals’ health Social – gender, education, employment, social networks, and interpersonal interactions Physical – places where people live, work, and play
Community health
social environment includes neighborhood and community factors such as social networks and resources as well as the level of shared commitment toward and respect for the values and rights of others. Also includes the general level of wealth and the availability and accessibility of goods and services
Nature of Hazard
Biological - microorganisms, parasites, allergens and toxins chemical - inorganic and organic physical - transfer of energy psychosocial - stressors resulting from human interaction with the social environment
transport media
The means through which environmental hazards are transported to people, including via air, soil, water, and food.
Route of Exposure
The route by which a contaminant contacts or enters the human body, which can be through inhalation, ingestion, dermal absorption, or transplacentally.
By setting
hazard exposures occur are the home, workplace, school, and community
by outcomes
Hazards are also classified according to their _____ , such as mutagen, teratogen, or carcinogen, or by the organ system that is adversely affected (e.g. cardiotoxicant, neurotoxicant).
epidemiology
A field of study that investigates the occurrence and patterns of health and disease.
Protective factors
Factors that decrease the risk of disease or injury.
Surveillance
An important public health function in which health data on populations are systematically collected, analyzed, and interpreted on an ongoing basis and used to design and implement interventions to prevent and control health problems.
Sentinel Health effects
An event that heralds an environmental health problem not just for an individual, but also potentially for others in the home, work, and community environments.
Vulnerability
The diminished capacity of an individual or a population to withstand adverse health risks from environmental exposures based on several factors including: differential exposure, the interrelated factors of preparedness and ability to recover, and susceptibility
Susceptibility
A key vulnerability factor that denotes characteristics including age, gender, race/ethnicity, stage of development, and genetic predisposition that increase the risk of individuals for environmental disease or injury.
Toxicology
the study of the harmful effects of xenobiotics or exogenous chemical agents
Inflammation
The immune response of tissues to bodily injury (e.g., trauma, heat, radiation, chemicals) or foreign substances such as infectious agents or allergic antigens. may be acute or chronic.
Goals of Inflammation
o Eliminate the initial cause of injury o Remove dead cells o Begin the process of tissue repair
innate immunity
occurs naturally and is the body’s first line of defense against an injury or foreign substance.
CRP
A protein found in plasma that increases in response to inflammation.
Measuring changes in _____ over time can be helpful in monitoring disease progression or response to treatment.
The normal value is <10 mg/L
any value >10 is abnormal
Acquired Immunity
a form of immunity that is continually refined throughout the life of the individual and is highly specific to a pathogen.
allows an individual, once exposed to a pathogen, to have long-lasting protection against that particular pathogen.
Bands
Immature WBC
Shift to the left
An increased level of immature neutrophils in the circulation.
4,000 to 11,000
Normal WBC count
Redness, heat, swelling, pain
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
margination
When the WBC line the vessel to start killing the antigen that comes in
Lymphocytes
consist of T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells (NK cells)
granulocytes
consist of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils/mast cells
monocytes
include monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
natural killer cells
Can kill tumor cells and cells infected by viruses without prior exposure to the antigen
CD4 surface protein
T-helper cell; produces cytokines
CD8 surface protein
cytotoxic T cell; recognizes specific antigens and kills them (suppressor cell)
B cells
Responsible for acquired immunity
Neutrophils
Most common type of WBC; 60-70% Typically the first responders to an infection or injury Major component of pus related to acute inflammation Phagocytose bacteria and generate oxygen (hydrogen peroxide) and nitric oxide to kill pathogens Immature cells (band cells) released during severe acute infection
Eosinophils
4% of all leukocytes Defends against parasitic infections Responds to allergic reactions
Basophils
Make up 1% of all leukocytes Release histamine and other vasoactive amines in response to infection, injury, or allergic reaction Involved in wound healing and chronic inflammation
Monocytes
Develop from bone marrow stem cells Immature macrophages or dendritic cells 6% of circulating leukocytes with macrophages Irregularly shaped and target bacteria, viruses, and debris
Macrophages
Develop from bone marrow stem cells Large and irregularly shaped with large bean-shaped nucleus Cell surface covered with receptor proteins, allowing them to locate antigens coated by antibodies
Dendritic Cells
Antigen-presenting cells Found in tissue that has contact with the external environment Processes antigen material and presents it on the cell surface to the T cells, helping to shape the adaptive immune response.
2.0 - 7.0 x 10^9 40-80%
Normal range for neutrophils
1.0-3.0 x 10^9 20-40%
Normal range for lymphocytes
.2-1.0 x 10^9 2-10%
Normal range for monocytes
.02-.5 x 10^9 1-6%
Normal range for eosinophils
.02-.1 x 10^9 <1-2%
Normal range for basophils
prostaglandin
responsible for vasodilation = pain
serous inflammation
o Fluid that does not contain many cells o Results from tissue injury o Contains proteins o Not sever o Ex: blister formed by a burn
fibrinous inflammation
results from increased vascular permeability, allowing large proteins to leak out of vessels into tissues
purulent inflammation
formation of pus containing many neutrophils, cellular debris, and edema fluid ex: appendicitis
ulceration
: results from very severe inflammation o Caused by necrosis of cells and sloughing of necrotic tissue
Resolution of inflammation
Healing of the tissue No permanent destruction Example: recovery from the common cold
fibrosis formation
Scarring from significant tissue damage Epithelial cells are replaced by fibroblasts May impair physical function Example: myocardial infarction
abscess formation
Usually caused by bacteria Cavity that contains pus
chronic inflammation
May occur if acute inflammation is not resolved
chronic inflammation causes
o Prolonged acute information o Autoimmune o Prolonged exposure to an irritant
acute inflammation
increased neutrophils =
chronic inflammation
increased monocytes =
allergic reaction
increased eosinophils =
SIRS
Purple
gram positive
Note
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