Chapter 5 Part 2 Adult and Child Psychopathology

Cytokines

These play an important role in mediating the inflam-

matory and immune response 

Proinflammatory cytokines

These help us deal with challenges to our

immune system by augmenting the immune response.

anti-inflammatory cytokines

This decrease or dampen the response that the immune system makes.

Sometimes they accomplish this by blocking the synthesis of

other cytokines.

T

T/F One implication of developments in cytokine research is

that disorders of the brain could potentially have “downstream”

effects on the immune system

enduring stressors

This kind of stress such as unemployment or loss of a spouse that are associated with the most global immunosuppression.

Positive Psychology

 This school of psychology focuses on human traits and resources such as humor, gratitude, and compassion that might have direct implications for our physical and mental well-being.

cardiovascular disease

This is the leading cause of death in the

United States

T

T/F blood pressure should be below 120/80

T

 T/F systolic pressure when the heart contracts; the second is the diastolic or between-beat pressure

hypertension

This is having a

persisting systolic blood pressure of 140 or more and a diastolic

blood pressure of 90 or higher.

essential hypertension

 in the majority of cases there is no specific physical cause. This is referred to as what?

T

T/F African Americans have much higher rates of hypertension than European Americans. Their death rate from hypertension is also three times higher.

Coronary heart disease

This is a potentially lethal blockage of the arteries that supply

blood to the heart muscle, or myocardium.

myocardial infarction

This results from a blockage

in a section of the coronary arterial system. 

systolic blood pressure

Mental stress is known to raise what and also to cause an elevation in epinephrine.

Type A behavior

This is characterized by excessive competitive

drive, extreme commitment to work, impatience or time urgency,

and hostility.

Type D personality

These personality have a tendency to experience

negative emotions and also to feel insecure and anxious

Depression

This appears to be a risk factor for the develop-

ment of CHD.

phobic anxiety

Research has also demonstrated a relationship

between this and increased risk for sudden cardiac

death. 

Chronic and Acute Stress, Personality, Depression, Anxiety, Social isolation and Lack of Social support, importance of emotional regulation

Risk and Causal Factors in Cardiovascular Disease include what?

CRP

This is a protein synthesized in the liver. High levels of this

­ signal widespread inflammation in the body.

T

T/F “Opening up” and writing expressively about life problems in a systematic way does seem to be an effective therapy for many people with illnesses

Biofeedback

This procedures aim to make patients

more aware of such things as their heart rate, level of muscle ten-

sion, or blood pressure. 

CBT

This has been shown to be an effective intervention for headache as well as for other types of pain.

CBT-oriented family therapy

This was markedly more successful than routine pediatric

care in alleviating children’s complaints of recurrent abdominal

pain

adjustment disorder

 In this, the stressor

is something that is commonly experienced, and the nature of

the psychological reaction is much less severe.

PTSD

In the case of this, there is exposure to a traumatic stressor that is accompanied by fear, helplessness, or horror.

adjustment disorder

This is a psychological response to a common

stressor (e.g., divorce, death of a loved one, loss of a job) that

results in clinically significant behavioral or emotional symptoms.

The stressor can be a single event, such as going away to college,

or involve multiple stressors,

1980

The diagnosis of PTSD first entered the DSM in what

PTSD

This was viewed as a normal response to an abnormal stressor

PTSD

in DSM-IV, this was viewed as a patho-

logical response to an extreme form of stress (

PTSD

What does this describe: The traumatic event must now be experienced by the person directly, either because the event happens to you or because you witness, in person, something traumatic happening to someone else

1 month

The diagnosis of PTSD requires that symptoms must last for

at least how long

 Acute stress disorder

This is

a diagnostic category that can be used when symptoms develop

shortly after experiencing a traumatic event and last for at least

2 days

4

 if symptoms persist beyond how many weeks, the diagnosis can be changed from acute stress disorder to posttraumatic stress disorder. 

pathological memory

In PTSD a traumatic event is thought to cause a (what kind of memory) that is at the center of the characteristic clinical

symptoms associated with the disorder

Intrusion, avoidance, negative cognitions and moods, arousal, reactivity

 the clinical symptoms of PTSD are grouped into four main areas which are what?

Intrusion

This is recurrent reexperiencing of the traumatic event

through nightmares, intrusive images, and physiological

­ reactivity to reminders of the trauma.

Avoidance

Avoidance of thoughts, feelings or reminders of

the trauma.

Negative cognitions and moods

This includes such symptoms

as feelings of detachment as well as negative emotional states

such as shame or anger, or distorted blame of oneself or others.

Arousal and reactivity

Hypervigilance, excessive response

when startled, aggression, and reckless behavior.

T

T/F traumatic events that result

from human intent (such as rape) are more likely to cause PTSD

than are traumatic events (such as accidents and natural disas-

ters) that are not personal in nature