Unit B

renaissance

1350-1600, rebirth of interest in classical GREEK and Roman (not church) learning, the individual/artistic achievements - the beginning of modern times

florence italy

the birthplace of the renaissance - center for trade and banking - town life was stronger here than in other parts of Europe

Cosimo di Medici

were "the patrons of the renaissance" - made a dynasty that taxed the wealthy for things like sewers, streets, statues and structures - not for them or military

Lorenzo Medici

known as "the magnificent" - supported artists, fostered humanism, and sponsored festivals - began an academy to study Plato

humanism

birth of modern thought, based on classical greek and roman ideas, focused on worldly themes (not god), stressed individualism, read in native language, promoted reason, valued daily life, practiced virtue - like the enjoyment of a poem about love

"renaissance man"

someone who was educated - studied the liberal arts/languages - talented in politics, warfare, science, dance, fencing etc

Baldassare Castiglione

wrote "Book of the Courtier" - allowed nobles to learn humanism, emphasized being a renaissance man

Niccolo Machiavelli

revived political science, wrote "The Prince" which gave advice to rulers - argued that princes (rulers) needed to be ready to use force and deceit to hold power - ends justify the means - do anything to get power (lie, cheat, kill, etc), "it is better to be feared than loved" - Machiavellian means shady - still studied today

renaissance art

move from christian to humanist themes - had emotion, realism, symmetry, and depth with oil paintings, shading, and perspective

renaissance architecture

domes and columns instead of spires and gargoyles

Giotto

father of renaissance painting - religious themes but more natural and lifelike, "first master", depth

Leonardo da Vinci

true renaissance man - painter, engineer, inventor, scientist - designed castles - had curiosity about the world

Raphael

added warmth, praised greeks in his paintings, used symmetry, depth, oil paints, and emotion

Michelangelo

"artist as genius" - greatest sculptor of all time; included harmony, beauty, nudity, proportion, glorification of human form

Northern Renaissance

ideas spread through war, trade and invention - more devoted to religious reforms

Johann Gutenberg

invented the movable type for the printing press - could rapidly and cheaply produce books - opened up middle class learning, birth of propaganda (persuade, "I", "my"), spread of information - take and reuse words and letters

Thomas More

wrote "Utopia" - a criticism of society and its strict classes; wanted a society based on reason/religious tolerance where all had to work to eat - must be good-hearted & community-based to get into Utopia (same clothes, free hospital, no private property, woman priests, no wars) showed hope/desire to improve society

William Shakespeare

"the bard", leader author of renaissance - tragedies like Macbeth, Hamlet, and Romeo & Juliet - essence of humanity - showed human behaviors - greatest playwright of all time

catholic church 1400-1517

clergy did not practice what they preached (mistresses, drunk, gambling), couldn't read/write in latin so they weren't actually reaching god - kept money for themselves

simony

buying your way up the church - not actually working for it

pope julius ll

fought in battles

pope alexander VI

had mistresses & children - worst of all time

Martin Luther

lightning storm sent him to monastery - from germany - out monked the monks - wrote the 95 theses with the help of the printing press - celebrity in Germany but Rebel by church

indulgences

john tetzel & church under pope leo x sold these "get out of sin" card to raise money - people even bought them for dead relative and future sins

the 95 theses

attacked indulgences - rejected Justification by Good Works- challenged pope - upset church

Diet (meeting) of worms 1521

luther was excommunicated by pope leo x for not recanting (taking-back) the 95 theses

Luthers major reforms

justification by faith (saved by faith in god), trust the bible over teachings - all jobs (vocations) are equal - rejected transubmission (christ is there only spiritually) -believed priests can marry

luther's 3 sacraments in bible

baptism, penance, eucharist

impacts of luther

everyone should read the bible - improvements in women status -translated New Testament to German (allowed 1000s to read bible) - catholic church lost power over society

protestant

luthern chuch - opened rebellion against loyal catholics (100,000s dead in German 30 yr Wars of Religion that ended in tie)

Christianities 3 branches

Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant

John Calvin

believed God's absolute rule and omnipotence (all powerful) - said god decided right away who was/wasn't saved (predestination) - salvation is god's choice, not yours - advocated life without sin - God's plan - cheaper faith w/ local elders and wood structures

Calvins Geneva transformation

turned corrupt Geneva to "city of god" - build new christian faith from the group up w/ god as its base - 12 man theocracy had strict discipline (no fighting, swearing, drinking, dancing, missing church, etc) - spreading catholic beliefs = death - safe haven for Protestants

calvins "the calling"

hard work ethic, glorified all vocations as pleasing to god - said people could overthrow corrupt leaders (righteous battle) - judgmental; if you sinned you were doomed to hell - pilgrims are descendants

the anabaptists

wanted to live like ancient christians - Religious liberty - rural communities based on love away from sinful cities - believed in adult baptism/polygamy (having more than one wife or husband at the same time) - refused to swear oaths other than to god - believed in religious freedom/separation of church and state (key foundation of US) - didn't go to war or participate in gov - not accepted - used the Bible as their primary source of truth - modern day amish

The english reformation

england break from catholic church bc Henry VII had "heir issues" bc his wife Catherine wouldn't give him a son - wanted to marry Anne but couldn't under catholic law

Church of England (the Anglican church)

Henry made his own church (a lot like catholicism, all the same but now in english) to get his divorce - printed bible in english for many to read - sold church land to get rich and strengthen loyalty of his noble allies -

puritans (pilgrims)

said church of england should be purified and make fully protestant church

anglican church

= episcopal church in US

the council of trent 1545-1563

called by Pope Paul lll to clean-up church - reaffirmed equal authority of Bible/Catholic Church teaching, justification by good works, 7 sacraments, purgatory etc - made priests attend seminaries to learn latin - ended mistresses, indulgences etc - made inquisition for popes authority - purged non catholics/banned reformation books - said Salvation comes through faith and good works - bible stayed in latin

ignatius of loyola

founded Jesuits to win back Protestants w/ advanced education, helping poor, and good deeds - set up universities - wrote "Spiritual Exercises", a manual for religious and self-discipline - support of baroque art

result of reformation

30 years war; *The terrible Wars of Religion and the Massacre on Saint Bartholomew's Day (1572)* french wars of religion to stamp out Protestantism (didn't work)

sects of Christian Faith

Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism

businessmen

supported Protestantism - validated their jobs/reduced tithes

northern europe

protestant

southern europe

catholic

protestant support

heartfelt conviction - this was the right way
politics - free of tithes to the Pope so the ruler is the only power in the land
rebellion - way to defy the italian-controlled church that had taken so much money from them

Ecstasy of Saint Theresa by Bernini

St. Francis of Assisi by Giotto

Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci

Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci

The School of Athens by Raphael

La Pieta by Michelangelo

David by Michelangelo

sistine chapel ceiling (stories of the Bible) by Michelangelo

The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli

Renaissance popes

never placed religious duties ahead of political goals and often supported the work of artists and sculptors

Pope Leo X

did not agree with most of the criticisms Luther had about the Catholic Church - excommunicated Luther from the Catholic Church in 1512

John Tetzel

received a large brunt (focus) of Luther's criticisms over corruption in the Church?

Wittenberg

Martin Luther nailed the 95 Theses on the church door here in 1517

the Bible passages most important to Luther's beliefs

"He who through faith is righteous shall live"

Reformation

A change in the Church's ways of teaching and practicing Christianity

Justification by Faith

was Martin Luther's idea of "being made good and going to heaven"

King Henry VIII

mostly broke away from the Catholic Church because of Heir problems - didn't work with any Pope he encountered - tried to excel in many areas, like a true "Renaissance Man" - made himself the head of the Church of England in 1534 - wanted to leave a male heir to the English throne

Queen Elizabeth I

allowed more than just Catholic practices

Catholic Reformation

the Catholic Church eliminated many of its abuses

Teresa of Avila

The most successful of the leaders of the new orders of nuns

Baroque art

stressed complexity, exaggeration, and emotion