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Agricultural Revolution
Agriculture starts: Transformation of human life across the planet, opening up new possibilities for the construction of human societies, with no single or common outcome.
Pastoral Societies
Nomadic or herder communities depending on domesticated animals for transport & warfare, often engaging in both conflict and peaceful exchange with agricultural societies.
Chiefdoms
A territory or state ruled by a chief: Social structures characterized by a substantial degree of social and gender equality, often maintaining cultural, artistic, and religious traditions.
Civilizations
Complex societies that emerged with the age of agriculture, featuring sizable cities, states with governing structures usually headed by kings, and occupational specialization supported by peasant farmers.
Hinduism
The oldest, largest, and most prominent religious tradition in India, with no historical founder, integral to Indian civilizations for centuries.
Buddhism
Religious tradition founded by Siddhartha Gautama, rejecting Brahmin's religious authority and spreading through trade routes across Asia.
Confucianism
Philosophical and ethical system emphasizing social and political harmony, becoming the official ideology of the Chinese state during the Han Dynasty (206 B.C. to 220 A.D.).
Daoism
Philosophical tradition encouraging spontaneous and natural behavior, often seen as complementing Confucian values.
Judaism and Christianity
Abrahamic religions originating from the Middle East, with Jesus of Nazareth emphasizing social justice and compassion, and Saint Paul transforming Christianity into a separate faith.
Islam
Religion emerging from marginal Arabs to a central role in world history, founded by Muhammad Ibn Abdullah, emphasizing social justice and moral righteousness.
Interactions and Encounters
Exchange networks like the Silk Roads, Sea Roads, and Sand Roads, linking different regions and facilitating cultural and religious interactions.