1. Chapter 1 Before 1200: Patterns in World History

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11 Terms

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Agricultural Revolution

Agriculture starts: Transformation of human life across the planet, opening up new possibilities for the construction of human societies, with no single or common outcome.

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Pastoral Societies

Nomadic or herder communities depending on domesticated animals for transport & warfare, often engaging in both conflict and peaceful exchange with agricultural societies.

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Chiefdoms

A territory or state ruled by a chief: Social structures characterized by a substantial degree of social and gender equality, often maintaining cultural, artistic, and religious traditions.

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Civilizations

Complex societies that emerged with the age of agriculture, featuring sizable cities, states with governing structures usually headed by kings, and occupational specialization supported by peasant farmers.

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Hinduism

The oldest, largest, and most prominent religious tradition in India, with no historical founder, integral to Indian civilizations for centuries.

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Buddhism

Religious tradition founded by Siddhartha Gautama, rejecting Brahmin's religious authority and spreading through trade routes across Asia.

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Confucianism

Philosophical and ethical system emphasizing social and political harmony, becoming the official ideology of the Chinese state during the Han Dynasty (206 B.C. to 220 A.D.).

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Daoism

Philosophical tradition encouraging spontaneous and natural behavior, often seen as complementing Confucian values.

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Judaism and Christianity

Abrahamic religions originating from the Middle East, with Jesus of Nazareth emphasizing social justice and compassion, and Saint Paul transforming Christianity into a separate faith.

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Islam

Religion emerging from marginal Arabs to a central role in world history, founded by Muhammad Ibn Abdullah, emphasizing social justice and moral righteousness.

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Interactions and Encounters

Exchange networks like the Silk Roads, Sea Roads, and Sand Roads, linking different regions and facilitating cultural and religious interactions.