Theme
main ideas/topics of a work or reading, "What" the author is writing about, never one word, always a sentence
Style
indicated "how" the author writes the work, helps the reader gain insights to the story
Diction
the use/type of words that are being used
Dialect
a variety of language, represents peoples speech the way it really sounds
Denotation
dictionary definition of a word
Connotation
implied meaning of a word
Slow Pace
indicates that the reader should reflect, when a character thinks, uses longer sentences
Fast Pace
implies character actions, creates a sense of urgency, uses shorter sentences
Alliteration
repetition of the same sound at the start of a series of words, for example good grief, red rose, etc.
Assonance
the repetition of vowel sounds that are close together in a sentence, for example, "His tender heir might bear his memory"
(heir/bear)
Consonance
when two words have the same consonant sound following different vowel sounds, for example, the words 'same' and 'home' have the same 'm' sound, but the vowel sounds before it are different.
Onomatopoeia
words that imitate or name a sound
Structure
planned framework of a piece of literature, three types of orders/plots
Chronological Order
tells the cause and effect of the plot of events
Episodic Plots
may have several seemingly unconnected episodes that have a recurring character or location
Circular Plots
end where they began, ex. To Kill a Mockingbird
Allusion
makes a brief referance to a historical or literary character/event/object, often to the Bible, ex. Twighlight to the Genesis creation story
Oxymoron
contradictory terms tha appear in conjunction, ex. kept him Falsely True
Imagery
figurative language used to describe objects, actions or ideas, a collection of images
Ironic Contrasting Parallels (ICP)
compares and contrasts similarities, differences between two people, things, places with an overall ironic outcome
Ethos
credibility of the person speaking or telling the story
Logos
logic or reasoning in a story
Pathos
sympathy/emotions of the authors audience
Parallelism
using elements in sentences that are grammatically similar/identical in structure, sound, meaning or meter adds symmetry, effectiveness and balance, ex. "You need to work quickly and decisively"
Parallelism
also indicates likeness between components of plot
Paradox
a contradictory/absurd statement that is true within the writing, ex. In Macbeth "So fair and foul a day"
Juxtaposition
side by side placing for compare and contrast, usually between two opposites, ex. Death of a Salesman - comparing characters in illusions vs reality.
1 person major
using "I", main characters POV
1 person minor
using "I", minor characters POV
2 person
using "you", rarely used and makes the story applicable
3 person omniscient
Using "he/she/they", knowing thoughts of all/most characters
3 person limited
aka 3 person central, using "he/she/they", knowing thoughts of one character
3 person dramatic
aka 3 person objective, using "he/she/they", dont know any thoughts, basically spectating
Tone
reflects "why?", the underlying message for the purpose of writing the work
Atmosphere
feeling, emotion, mood that author creates, can change throughout the story
Irony
unexpected twist in the story, helps to convey tone
Verbal Irony
saying opposite of what is meant
Situational Irony
result that is the opposite of expectations
Dramatic Irony
where the audience grasps the incongruity of a situation before the actor does
Mood
emotion that author wants reader to feel
Abstract
abbreviated synopsis of a longer work of scholarship or research
Anachronism
when something/someone is in the incorrect time period, ex. a bright yellow construction crane in the 13th century
Analogy
a comparison that points out similarities between two dissimilar things
Antithesis
when opposite or strongly contrasting statements are balanced against each other for emphasis, ex. "hatred stirs upon strife, but love covers all sins"
Archetype
original model that all things of the same type are representations/copies of, ex. "mythological archetypes are good and evil"
Diasporic Novel
encompasses stories bout those who disperse from their homelands, usually follows characters trying to assimilate life in a new country, ex. Afghan community in The Kite Runner
Eponymous
title character of a work, ex. Gatsby, Hamlet, etc.
Historical Fiction Novel
literary genre where the story takes place in the past, captures details of the time period that are factual, ex. Rose Under Fire by Elizabeth Wein
Foil
minor character whose personality contrasts with main characters personality, intensifies the qualities of both
Indirect Quotation
words are paraphrased/approximated
Metaphor
comparing two things without using "like" or "as"
Metonymy
name of an object or concept that is replaced with a word closely related to it, ex. "crown" instead of "king", "suit" instead of "business executive", "the track" instead of "horse racing", etc.
Motif
recurring elements of literary devices that helps to develop and inform the piece's major themes
Narrative Motif
means by which the narrative theme is conveyed, can be and idea/object/place or statement, ex. the flute in Death of a Salesman
Paraphrase
forming someone elses ideas into thy's own words without damaging the original meaning of the text, using synonyms=plagarism
Pathetic Fallacy
attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate objects or animals, ex. night of Duncan's murder in Macbeth -- screams of death in the air, the unruly night, feverous earth that depicts the evil act of the murder the night before
Polysyndenton
representation of conjunctions in close succession, adds weight and gravity to a sentence, ex. "Neither snow, nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stay those courtiers"
Asyndenton
just like, polysyndenton but uses commas instead of conjunctions,ex. "Jane's days became a blue of meaningless events -- wake up, brush teeth, make the coffee, get the mail, fix dinner, watch TV."
Symbol
something which means more than it is, represents something else, reinforces or carries meaning
Tragedy
form of literature where the hero is destroyed by some character flaw and a set of external forces
Tragic Hero
protagonist of a tragedy, human-ness of the character makes him appealing to the audience, misfortunes are brought by frailty
Hamartia
Greek word fro tragic flaw, what leads to the tragic hero's downfall, ex. Macbeth's ambition
Hubris
extreme pride/arrogance, often leads tragic hero to death
Peripeteia
AKA PERIPETY, reversal of fortune that is brought by external factors
Anagnorisis
following peripeteia, recognition of human fate/destiny, where everything becomes clear
Downfall
tragic flaw + external circumstances = downfall at end of story, brings pity and fear in the audience as we see the possibility of our own downfalls
Pathos
stimulates pity/sorrow
Catastrophe
final resolution that unravels intrigue and closes the literary piece
Catharsis
cleansing of the spirit, brought out by pity and terrors of dramatic tragedies, downfall and death of a hero allows audience a safe and controlled outlet for pent-up emotions of pity and fear