psych exam 3

Memory is the persistence of learning over time through the __, storage, and retrieval of information.

encoding

Memory is important for survival as it helps us determine __ and locate resources.

trustworthiness

One way to measure memory is __, which involves retrieving information not currently in conscious awareness.

recall

__ is the recognition of items previously learned.

Recognition

__ refers to learning something more quickly upon re-encountering it.

Relearning

Human memory functions like a computer's memory involving three processes: encode information, __ information, and retrieve information.

store

The multistore model of memory includes sensory memory, __ memory, and long-term memory.

working/short term

__ memory consists of very brief impressions of sensory information.

Sensory

Working memory holds a small amount of information for __ seconds.

less than 30

The magic number for short term memory capacity is __ items.

7 plus or minus 2

__ involves organizing items into familiar manageable units, often occurring automatically.

Chunking

__ is a memory aid where vivid imagery and organizational devices are used.

Mnemonics

__ effects indicate that encoding is more effective when spread over time.

Spacing

The __ effect refers to improved learning and memory through testing.

Testing

The Self-reference effect is more prevalent among members of __ cultures.

Individualist Western

__ memories are conscious facts and experiences encoded through effortful processing.

Explicit

__ memory is related to skills and abilities that bypass conscious encoding.

Implicit

The __ plays a crucial role in forming emotional memories.

amygdala

Strong emotional reactions can lead to __ memories, which are highly detailed memories of important events.

flash bulb

Memory consolidation refers to the process where a memory becomes stable in the brain and is enhanced during __.

sleep

The __ curve illustrates the initial rapid loss of memory that levels over time.

Ebbinghaus forgetting

__ amnesia refers to the inability to retrieve episodic memories from early childhood.

Infantile

Patients with severe __ amnesia lose their ability to form explicit memories.

anterograde

The __ phenomenon describes failure to retrieve information despite knowing it is stored in memory.

tip of the tongue

__ learning disrupts memory for older information.

Retroactive

We can reduce the retrieval of unwanted information through __.

motivated forgetting

__ suggests that memories can be inaccurate, manipulated, or completely false.

Reality of memory

The __ effect shows that post-event information can distort the memory of an event.

misinformation

According to the fundamental attribution error, people tend to underestimate the effects of a __ on behavior.

situation

The __ tendency focuses on the internal factors affecting individual behavior while ignoring situational influences.

self-serving attribution

Normative social influence describes the need to be accepted by our __.

peers

In Asch's study, about __% of participants gave at least one incorrect answer to conform with the group.

75

Obedience occurs when behavior is influenced by direct commands from an __ figure.

authority

In Milgram's study, participants obeyed orders to administer shocks due to perceived legitimate __, proximity, and lack of defiance role models.

authority

The __ of control describes a person's perceived control over their outcomes.

locus

People with an __ locus of control believe that they are responsible for their own outcomes.

internal

An __ locus of control means a person believes outcomes are determined by outside forces.

external

Humanistic psychology emphasizes personal growth and the realization of one's __.

potential

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes self-actualization, which involves realizing one's __.

potential

Carl Rogers suggested that to self-actualize, one needs unconditional positive __.

regard

The __ effect refers to the phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus increases familiarity.

mere exposure

Positive psychological concepts arose from the humanistic approach, influencing fields like counseling, education, and __.

management

Stereotypes serve as mental shortcuts but can lead to __ and biases.

discrimination

__ is the negative attitude toward a group or its members, often leading to discriminatory behavior.

Prejudice