AP Psych- Cognitive

Intelligence, Memory, & Thinking

IQ Score

Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100

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Types of IQ tests

WISC- consists of 16 subtests and for ages 6-16

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WAIS- consists of 11 subtests and for ages 17 & older.

William Stern

Derived IQ (Intelligence quotient)

Aptitude tests

Tests for future performance

SAT & PSAT

Achievement tests

Assesses based on a person’s knowledge of a subject

Regents/Finals/AP’s

Alfred Binet

Created first intelligence test which determined. mental age. He pioneered the intelligence test movement.

Factor analysis

Statistical procedure that identifies cluster of related items.

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Relates with Spearman’s g factor because it is used for it.

Thurstone’s primary mental abilities

7 primary intellectual abilities: numerical, verbal fluency, reasoning, perceptual speed, spacial relations, digit recall, and verbal comprehension.

Sternberg;s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

3 main aspects of intelligence: Analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

Analytical

Academic problem solving

Creative

Generating novel ideas

Practical

Required for everyday tasks where multiple solutions exist

Emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions.

validity

accuracy

measures what is supposed to measure.

ALL TESTS SHOULD BE

valid, reliable, & standardized.

reliability

replication.

yields similar results over time.

standardization

form a normal distribution curve.

test must be pretested to represent sample of people.

Fluid intelligence

ability to reason and abstract smoothly

decreases during late adulthood.

Crystallized intelligence

accumulated knowledge and intellectual

increases with age.

Gardener’s theory of multiple intelligence

opposed Spearman

studied savants

multiple intelligences

savant syndrome

limited in mental ability

exceptional specific skill

Down syndrome

condition of retardation & physical disorder,

caused by one extra chromosome.

Heritability

the amount of variance in a trait that is controlled for by genes

the flynn effect

intelligence test performance has been rising

stereotype threat

negative stereotype about someone’s group and they are scared to be judged based off this stereotype.

encoding

process of putting new information in memory

storage

maintain or keep information available

retrieval

getting information out of storage memory

Steps of processing information

1. encoding

2. storage

3. retrieval

Types of encoding

Automatic processing

Effortful processing

automatic processing

unconscious awareness of encoding information

STF& word meanings (space, time, frequency)

Space, time, frequency

automatic processing

effortful processing

encoded information with concious awareness

Maintence rehearseal/spacing effect

repeating info over and over again

distributed practice/spacing effect

opposite of cramming

reviewing small pieces of info over time

serial positioning effect

Items in beginning of a list are more easily recalled- PRIMARY EFFCT

items in end of list is more easily recalled- RECENCY EFFECT

next in line effect

being unable to recall info concerning events immediately coming before their turn to perform

space

locationt

time

what event occurred during the day

frequency

how often something occurred

concepts

mental grouping of similar things

prototypes

best examples of a concept

problem solving strategies

algorithm

heuristic

insight

algorithms

exhausting all possible solutions

step by step approach

heurisitc

educated guess to narrow solutions

error prone

time saver

insight

when the answer dawns upon you

confirmation bias

tendency to look for info that confirms pov & ignore those that don’t

fixation

get stuck thinking a certain way

mental set

approaching a problem the same way your approach another problem

function fixedness

using something for its intended use

overconfidence

thinking you know more than you do

avaliabilty heuristic

forming an opinion based on how much you know about it

framing

the way something is framed/posed affects our opinion

representative heuristic

making judgement about sommeone and how well they fit a prototype

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stereotype

belief bias

ones preexisting belief distorts logical reasoning

belief perseverance

clinging to one’s initial concepts even after the basis to which it has been formed has been discredited.

creativity

produce/develop original work

Phonemes

sounds

Morpheme

meaning

ex. prefix

grammar

rules in a language that allow for communication and understanding

language acquisition

1. babbling

2. holophrastic stage

3. telegraphic stage

babbling stage

making phonomes

holophrastic stage

one word sentences

telegraphic stage

making 2 word speech

overgeneralization

using grammar rules w/o proper use

Language acquisiion device

easier to acquire language at a younger age

Noam Chomsky

Noam Chomsky

born w the ability to speak (innate)

language acquisition device

B.F. Skinner

language is learned

Benjamin Whorf

linguistic determinism

linguistic determinism

the way you speak affects the way you think

syntax

word order in a sentence

semantic

word meaning