Studied by 17 peopleorganic compound
compound of carbon and another element (hydrogen)
organic compounds
_______________________ are found in living things (make up all living things - carbon and hydrogen)
dehydration synthesis
_____________________________ is when two smaller molecules combined and H20 is a byproduct
hydrolysis
_________________ is when a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules and H20 is added.
amino acid
monomer of protein molecules
20
number of amino acids that can be combined to form an almost endless number of proteins
R
___ is the letter that shows it is a side chain from amino acids. can stand for 20 different amino acids
the structure of a protein
______________________________ is a curly structure, can have different shape depending on order of amino acids
peptide bond
a __________________ connects two amino acids to make a protein
catalysts
____________ speed up reactions
enzyme
an ____________ is an organic protein that speeds up reactions (catalyst) in the human body
denatured enzyme
when the active site of the enzyme has been changed so that it no longer fits with the substrate originally intended to bond with
denature
______________ is to change the shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it no longer fits with the substrate it is originally intended to bond with
lock and key
the enzyme stays the same while in the process of ____________________
lock and key
when substrate is broken down (dehydration synthesis) or put together (hydrolysis) at the active site of an enzyme and bonds together is a __________________
enzyme-substrate complex
the stage in the enzyme's job when the enzyme and substrate(s) are bonded together is called the ________________________________
optimum temperature
the temperature in which an enzyme works best is the ________________
slows
when the enzyme's temperature is less than or more than the optimum temperature the rate of reactions _________.
optimum pH
the pH level in which the enzyme functions best is the ________________
slows
when the pH level is more acidic or basic than the optimum pH for the enzyme so the rate of reaction ________.
monosaccharides
building blocks of carbohydrates are __________________
building blocks of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
glucose
to test for ___________, add substance and benedict's solution and heat test tube (should be orange if __________ is present)
energy
starch can be broken down into monosaccharides and it gives us _________.
starch
to test for _________, add substance and iodine to test tube (should be purple if _______ is present)
lipids
3 fatty acids + glycerol= building blocks of ________
DNA
_____ has a double helix shape
RNA
_____ has a single helix shape
DNA
_____ contains hereditary information (genes from bio parents)
RNA
_____ controls synthesis of proteins (vaccines contain RNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA stands for...
ribonucleic acid
RNA stands for...
deoxyribose
the five-carbon sugar molecule that helps form the phosphate backbone of DNA molecules is ________________
ribose
the type of sugar used by the body to make the energy-containing substance adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is __________
adenosine triphosphate
ATP stands for...
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
ATP
_______ is energy released from nutrients for cellular energy
lipids
____________________ contain CHO - carbon, hydrogen, oxegyn
carbohydrates
____________________ contain CHO - carbon, hydrogen, oxegyn
proteins
____________ contain CHON- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
nucleic acid
_______________ contains CHONP- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
polymerization
process of joining smaller monomers to create large molecules is called _______________
carbohydrates
______________ have a monomer elemental ratio 1:2:1
monosaccharide
monomer of carbohydrates is a ___________________
polysaccharide
polymer of carbohydrates is a _________________
sugar
-saccharide means _______________
carbohydrates
____________________ are a readily available source of short-term energy
glycogen
________________ stores energy in animal cells (liver and muscle)
starch
______________ stores energy in plants
cell walls
carbohydrates help the structure of ______________ in bacteria, plants and fungi
exoskeletons
carbohydrates help the structure of ______________________ in insects, arthropods and crustaceans.
glucose
______________- the "blood sugar", an immediate source of energy for cellular respiration
fructose
_____________ is a simple sugar found in honey and fruits
galactose
______________ is a sugar found in some dairy products and can be synthesized in the body
structural isomers
_____________________________ share the same formula but have different structures
disaccharides
_______________________ contain 2 monosaccharides chemically bonded producing carbohydrates with new chemical and physical properties
glycosidic bond
the bond between 2 monosaccharides is called a ________________________________
maltose
__________________ - product of starch, malt or beer sugar digestion
glucose + glucose
maltose is +_
lactose
____________ - sugar found in milk
galactose + glucose
lactose is +_
sucrose
___________ - common table sugar
glucose + fructose
glucose is +
cellulose
____________ is a polysaccharide that builds cell walls for plants and bacteria. gives strength and flexibility
chitin
___________ is a polysaccharide that is used for the exoskeletons of insects, arthropods, and crustaceans, fungi use _________ in their cell walls (hint: pronounced kite-en)
starch
_____________ is a polysaccharide that is a polymer of glucose and is used for energy storage in plants
hydrophobic
all lipids are __________________. they will not mix/are insoluble with water (it is impossible).
fats, oils, waxes, steroids
polymer of lipids: ____, ____, ______, __________.
energy storage
long term use of lipids is ________________.
insulation and protection
lipids can be used for _______________________________ of animals (like blubber of a seal)
saturated fat
singe bonded carbon-carbon bond creates a ___________________. (worse for the human body than unsaturated fats)
unsaturated fat
double bonded carbon-carbon bond creates an ______________________. (are better for the human body than saturated fats)
solid
saturated fats are ________ at room temperature (butter, blubber, bacon fat)
liquid
unsaturated fats are _________ at room temperature
energy
fats and oils store _________
protection
waxes are used for ___________ against water.
change
steroids are used to _______ the body. (i.e. cholesterol, sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen, cortisol, vitamin D, and more).
protection
phospholipids are used for _______________ of the cell and regulation of cell processes.
amino acids
protein monomer: _________________ (building blocks)
polypeptide
protein polymer: __________________ (stepping stone of protein)
abundant
protein is the most ____________ organic molecule in living systems
diverse
protein is the most ______________ in structure and function than any other macromolecule.
structure
protein form cell _____________.
transport
proteins _____________ substances around the body
enzymes
_________ control the rate of reaction in an organism (organic catalyst)
hormones
____________ coordinate the activity of the body systems (endocrine system)
defend
proteins _________ the body against pathogens and disease
store nutrients
proteins ____________________ inside animal eggs and seedlings
amino acids
__________________ use covalent bonds to link together and form a polypeptide.
amino, carboxyl, R
All amino acids found in nature have an ______ group, __________ group, and __ group.
nucleotide
the monomer of nucleic acid is a ____________________________
nucleic acid
the polymer of a nucleic acid is _________________
thymine
DNA: cytosine, guanine, adenine, ___________.
uracil
RNA: cytosine, guanine, adenine, ___________.
enzyme
___________- an organic molecule that speeds up reactions in living organisms
organic catalyst
___________________- protein that speeds up reactions inside bodies
substrate
_______________- chemical that locks with an enzyme
active site
________________________- where the substrate and enzyme temporarily bond together.
Note 
Flashcard (102)