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Localizationist is to _______ as holistic is to_______.
Gall; Flourens
Understanding speech is to________ as speaking is to________.
Wernicke; Broca
Researchers Fritsch and Hitzig found support for the idea that specific functions are localized to discrete parts of the cortex in an experiment using electrical stimulation of a dog's brain. More specifically, they found______systematic relationship between the portion of the cortex stimulated and specific______.
a; movements
The primary contribution of Golgi to the field of neuroscience is that he
developed a staining technique that permitted full visualization of individual neurons.
Empiricism is the philosophical position that
all knowledge originates from sensory experiences
The two main classes of cells in the nervous system are
neurons and glial cells.
In the nervous system, these cells provide structural support and insulation for neurons
glia
Two main types of projections that extend from the cell body of a neuron. _________ receive input from other neurons, while _________ send information to other neurons.
Dendrites; axons
The term concentration gradient refers to a difference in the
number of ions found on opposite sides of the cell membrane.
At the resting state, a higher concentration of_______ is found outside a neuron and a higher concentration of _________ is found inside a neuron.
NA+; K+
The ease with which a cell membrane will permit ions to cross is referred to as.
permeability
The Hodgkin- Huxley cycle describes how the depolarization of the membrane causes voltage gated sodium channels to_______, allowing__________ sodium ions to enter the cell. This change in sodium concentration then causes________ of the cell
open; more; further depolarization
Points along axons that are not surrounded by myelin.
Nodes of Ranvier
________ enables the rapid transmission of action potentials down an axon and increases the distance over which transmission can occur.
Myelin
Which cells devour and remove damaged brain cells?
microglia
The role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in synaptic transmission is to
mediate the release of neurotransmitter molecules from the presynaptic neuron.
Gray matter refers to _______, while white matter refers to_________.
cell bodies; axon tracts
This brain structure is sometimes called the gateway to the cortex because almost all sensory inputs synapse here before continuing to their primary cortical sensory areas.
thalamus
The primary visual cortex or V1, is located in
striate cortex
The field of ________is based on the idea that perception and thought employ mental representations that undergo transformations as they are used,
cognitive psychology.
Posner and his colleagues had participants view two letters and respond according to whether these letters were both vowels, both consonants, or one of each. Participants were fastest when viewing two physically identical letters, somewhat slower when viewing the same letter in two different fonts, and slowest when two different consonants were presented. This finding shows that
we form multiple representations of stimuli
The Sternberg paradigm illustrates that when a set of letters held in short-term memory is tested with a recognition task, the time needed to respond to a probe item is
related by a linear function to the number of items in the memory set, the slope of which is the same regardless of whether the probe item was part of the original list.
The Stroop effect demonstrates that when viewing words
we cannot help but activate word representations even if they are irrelevant to the task
The term_______ is used to describe the situation in which group 1 is impaired on task X and unimpaired on task Y and group 2 is impaired on task Y and unimpaired on task X. In contrast, the term_______ is used when group 1 is impaired in task X and unimpaired on task Y and group 2 is unimpaired on both tasks X and Y.
double dissociation; single dissociation
Transcranial direct stimulation affects brain function by
altering neuronal polarization
One limitation of what we can learn through the single-cell recording technique is that
patterns of activity among groups of neurons may describe the function of a brain area better.
The electrical signal evoked by a class of sensory, motor, or cognitive events, which is observed by averaging multiple EEG traces, is known as an
event-related potential.
What is an advantage of MEG over EEG?
With MEG magnetic fields are not distorted by the skull.
Suppose oxygen-15 is used as the tracer isotope in a PET (positron emission tomography) study. Which of the following best describes how the PET scanner traces the oxygen-15 after it has been injected into a participant's bloodstream?
The oxygen-15 nuclei decay and emit positrons, the positrons collide with electrons to create gamma rays, and the gamma rays are then detected by the PET scanner.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), is based on a measurement of
ratios of oxygenated to deoxygenated hemoglobin in the brain
________is the science of simulating natural cognitive processes on computers.
Artificial intelligence
The greatest advantage of incorporating computer modeling into the study of a cognitive phenomenon is that
this technique can generate explicit, testable theories of natural cognition.