Anatomy Unit 1

anatomy

the study of internal and external structures

physiology

the study of how anatomical structures function

congenital

present at birth

prone

face down in anatomical position

supine

face up in anatomical position

homeostasis

maintaining stable internal conditions

superior

up

inferior

down

anterior

front

posterior

back

medial

toward center

lateral

away from center

proximal

toward trunk

distal

away from trunk

superficial

toward surface

deep

away from surface

frontal plane

separates anterior and posterior parts of body

sagittal plane

separates left and right parts of the body

transverse plane

separates superior and inferior parts of the body; CTs and MRIs view this plane

abdominal

belly

antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

front of elbow

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

buccal

cheek

carpal

wrist

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

coxal

hip

crural

shin

femoral

thigh

frontal

forehead

inguinal

groin

manus

hand

mental

chin

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

palmar

palm

pastellar

knee cap

pedal

foot

pelvic

pelvis

plantar

sole of foot

pubic

genitalia

sternal

breastbone

tarsal

ankle

thoracic

chest

umbilical

navel

levels of organization in the body

cells — tissues — organs — organ systems

how do we obtain electrons?

from our diet

what is the smallest living unit of the body?

cells

axial body

trunk of the body; head, neck and chest

appendicular body

arms and legs

somatic body

superficial structures; skin and skeletal muscle

visceral body

internal organs

RUQ

gallbladder

LUQ

stomach

RLQ

appendix

LLQ

colon

integumentary system

system that protects us from our environment

skeletal system

protects internal organs, provides framework for muscles to create movement, and forms blood cells

nervous system

exerts fast-acting control over the body

muscular system

provides movement and heat

cardiovascular

system that pumps and transports blood

what is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

carry oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes through the body

endocrine system

exerts slow-acting control over the body

respiratory system

supplies body with oxygen from the environment and excretes carbon dioxide waste

lymphatic system

returns leaked fluid to the bloodstream and is involved with immunity; includes spleen and lymph nodes

digestive system

breaks down food and absorbs its nutrients

urinary system

eliminates liquid waste and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

reproductive system

produces sex cells and hormones for the production of offspring

hydrophilic

water loving; charged substance

hydrophobic

water fearing; uncharged substance

hypertonic

concentration is greater in the environment than in the cell

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

hypotonic

concentration is lower in the environment than in the cell

isotonic

concentration is the same in the environment as inside the cell

osmosis

diffusion of water across a membrane

solute

substance that dissolves

solvent

the dissolving agent

why is water so good at dissolving things?

because of its charge, which allows it to attract other charged molecules

carbohydrates

organic molecules involved with energy, metabolism, and structural support; contain oxygen

lipids

organic molecules involved with energy, cellular protection, and hormonal regulation; UNITED BY HYDROPHOBIA

proteins

responsible for cellular function and almost everything about a life form

nucleic acids

provides instructions on how to make proteins

what is found in a regular human diet?

electrolytes

name 4 types of carbohydrates

sugars, glycogen, starch and cellulose

sugars

energy use, associated with ATP production

glycogen

energy storage in animals (in liver and skeletal muscle)

why is limited storage capacity in the newborns significant?

they’re prone to hypoglycemia due to immature livers and minimal muscle tissue

starch

energy storage in plants

cellulose

structural components of cell walls in plants

name the 3 types of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids

triglycerides

found in the diet; used for energy

phospholipids

found in cell membranes; has hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tails

steroids

found in cell membranes and hormones; has a 4 ring structure

give examples of proteins in the body

insulin (created by pancreatic cells), keratin (created by hair follicle cells) and melanin (created by skin cells)

where can electrolytes be found with respect to the cell?

inside and outside the cell at different ratios

what do electrolytes do?

drive cell function

what do electrolytes control?

osmosis

how do molecules like to diffuse?

from high concentration to low concentration